Turkic
Turkic , group of languages forming a subdivision of the Altaic subfamily of the Ural-Altaic family of languages (see Uralic and Altaic languages ). The Turkic group of languages has a total of some 125 million speakers in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, and parts of Russia and China. Turkish , the official language of Turkey, is the most important of these tongues and has the largest number of speakers, some 50 million, chiefly in Turkey. Other major Turkic languages include Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Tatar, Kazakh, Uigur, Turkmen, Chuvash, and Kyrgyz. The Turkic languages have been assigned to various groupings, an acceptable arrangement being the division into Southern (Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Chuvash), Eastern (Uzbek and Uigur), and Western (Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tatar, and others). Such a classification is tentative, and more definite grouping awaits the results of further research. Like the other Uralic and Altaic languages, the Turkic tongues are characterized by agglutination and exhibit vowel harmony. They are also noted for an abundance of participles and gerunds. Several different scripts were used in the distant past by the Turkic-speaking peoples, but following their association with Islam in the 9th cent. AD, they largely turned to the Arabic alphabet. After 1939, however, the Turkic-speaking peoples in the republics of the former USSR used modified versions of the Cyrillic alphabet. In the mid-1990s a number of the newly independent republics (Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) began to switch to Roman script; Kazakhstan began moving toward use of the Latin alphabet in 2006. The Russian republic of Tatarstan began its own switch in 2000, but Russian law subsequently mandated use of Cyrillic-based alphabets. Turkic-speakers in Chinese territory also use the Roman alphabet. In Turkey proper the change to a modified Roman alphabet was made in 1928.
Bibliography: See N. A. Baskakov, The Turkic Languages of Central Asia (1954); G. L. Lewis, Turkish Grammar (1967); K. H. Menges, The Turkic Languages and Peoples: An Introduction to Turkic Studies (1968).
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"The professor", William Steward Halsted: A legend
Magazine article from: Indian Journal of Surgery; 7/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...irregularities.[4] Dr. William Stewart Halsted passed away on September...Spirling LI, Daniels IR. William Stewart Halsted-surgeon extraordinaire...TA, Kehoe MW, McCall N. William Stewart Halsted: letters to a young female...
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Enhancing the Current Broad-Based Training System and Its Necessity
Magazine article from: The American Surgeon; 2/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...surgical training system is usually given to William Stewart Halsted, who began the concept of a residency...his recent ASA presidential address. The Halsted Germanic system was a result of Halsted's germanophilia and, as Osier6 stated...
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Bush's Remarks at Hopkins; The President's Address to Doctors Strikes Some Off-Key Notes
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 3/6/1990; ; 700+ words
; ...Kinder, gentler surgeon. William Stewart Halsted of Johns Hopkins, in the President...with breast cancer." He called Halsted "a kinder, gentler surgeon...everything around it? If you say "Halsted radical mastectomy" to a group...
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Progress against breast cancer. (includes related articles on mammography and breast reconstruction)
Magazine article from: FDA Consumer; 5/1/1986; ; 700+ words
; ...ago, an operation called the Halsted radical mastectomy was recommended...the cancer. Named after Dr. William Stewart Halsted, the surgeon who developed the procedure, the Halsted radical involves removal of the...
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Postmastectomy breast reconstruction: helping patients decide whether--and when: immediate breast reconstruction is fast becoming the procedure of choice for patients who undergo mastectomy. To counsel patients effectively, you need to understand why.
Magazine article from: JAAPA-Journal of the American Academy of Physicians Assistants; 12/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...Surgery In the late 19th century, William Stewart Halsted, the uncontested father of the...colleagues. (7) At the time, the Halsted procedure involved wide excision...expose the axillae for dissection. Halsted later extended the operation to...
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 "Albany Times Union (Albany, NY)")
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'Anatomy' dissects a murder.(Books)
Newspaper article from: Albany Times Union (Albany, NY); 3/2/2008; 645 words
; ...figures. Most prominent is Dr. William Osler, sometimes referred to...life figure. Famed surgeon William Stewart Halsted pioneered a number of surgical...History notes how he defended Halsted by perpetuating the myth that...
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Europe's dramatic shift toward legalizing drugs Series: THE FAILED WAR ON DRUGS
Newspaper article from: Chicago Sun-Times; 2/11/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...was then taking. The surgeon William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) successfully applied...he became addicted to cocaine. Halsted switched to morphine (which is...his life, another 40 years. Halsted went on to co-found the Johns...
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"My Soul is Among Lions": Katharine Lee Bates's Account of the Illness and Death of Katharine Coman
Magazine article from: Legacy; 1/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...the United States was introduced by William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) at Johns Hopkins...really hideous mutilation" (646).7 Halsted was never able to prove the theory...almost a hundred years. Ultimately, Halsted was p
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Recent findings from J.R. Voorhees and co-authors highlight research in surgery.
Newspaper article from: Biotech Week; 3/11/2009; 526 words
; ...According to recent research from the United States, "William Stewart Halsted, the father of modern surgery, and Harvey Williams...published their study in the Journal of Neurosurgery (William S. Halsted and Harvey W. Cushing: reflections on their complex...
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Vignettes in medical history--Howard Christian Naffziger: The surgeon and his syndrome
Magazine article from: The American Surgeon; 4/1/1998; ; 700+ words
; ...Hopkins' surgical masters Harvey Cushing and William Steward Halsted. When he traveled to Johns Hopkins in 1912, Naffziger observed William Stewart Halsted's marvelous surgical training program, organized...
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William Stewart Halsted
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
William Stewart Halsted , 1852-1922, American surgeon, b. New York City, M.D. College...professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins, where he was associated with Sir William Osler, W. H. Welch, and H. A. Kelly in developing the great medical...
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Halsted, William Stewart
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
Halsted, William Stewart ( b. New York, N.Y., 23 September 1852; d. Baltimore, Maryland, 7 September 1922) surgery. Halsted was the son of William Mills Halsted, Jr., and Mary Louisa Haines. His grandfather...
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William Halsted
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography
William Halsted William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) pioneered many methods of preventing surgical...infections than the illness prompting the initial surgery, William Stewart Halsted introduced new preventative methods that significantly reduced...
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Halsted, William
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to United States History
...Surgeons in New York City , William Stewart Halsted spent two years studying at...Bibliography Samuel J. Crowe , Halsted of Johns Hopkins , 1957. Sherwin...Science Comes to America: William Stewart Halsted of Johns Hopkins, in Doctors...
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Cushing, Harvey Williams 1869-1939
Book article from: American Decades
...He was surgical assistant to William Stewart Halsted, one of the foremost figures in the history of American surgery. Halsted taught Cushing his slow, meticulous...two-volume biography of Sir William Osier, a professor at Johns Hopkins...
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