Pictures from Google Image Search

Conrad II

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | 2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Conrad II c.990-1039, Holy Roman emperor (1027-39) and German king (1024-39), first of the Salian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. With the end of the Saxon line on the death of Henry II , the succession passed to the matrilineal descendants of Otto I , and Conrad, a Franconian noble, was elected (1024) as German king. Although the hereditary principle in Germany was strong enough to secure his election, it did not ensure Conrad support throughout the empire. His accession was contested by his stepson, Ernest of Swabia, and by the Lotharingians (see Lotharingia ) and the Italians. After the collapse of the revolts of Ernest and the Lotharingians, Conrad brought N Italy into submission (1026-27) and was crowned emperor at Rome. He suppressed two more revolts (1027, 1030) by Ernest and won (1031) Lusatia from Poland. In 1034 he annexed the kingdom of Burgundy (see Arles, kingdom of ) under the terms of a treaty (1006) between Rudolf III, last independent king of Arles, and Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. In 1036, Conrad returned to Italy, where war was raging between the greater and the lesser nobles. He deposed Archbishop Aribert of Milan, a powerful ally of the great nobles, and made the fiefs of the lesser nobles hereditary by issuing (1037) the Constitution of Pavia. In Germany also Conrad favored the small nobility, thus reversing the policy of Otto I and Henry II, who had depended for support on the Church. He promoted the servile classes to administrative office, thus building a new hereditary class of ministeriales to replace the ecclesiastics in the civil service. Conrad's administration was economical, and he encouraged commerce by granting market and mint privileges. At his death, his son Henry III ascended the throne at the height of its wealth and power.

Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

  • MLA
  • Chicago
  • APA

"Conrad II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Nov. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Conrad II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (November 16, 2009). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Conrad2.html

"Conrad II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Conrad2.html

Learn more about citation styles

Related newspaper, magazine, and trade journal articles from HighBeam Research

(Including press releases, facts, information, and biographies)

Fruits of your labor: many bodybuilders overlook fruit, one of the best food groups for muscle growth.(Nutrition)
Magazine article from: Flex; 9/1/2004; ; 700+ words ; ...from one form of fruit to another. Many fruits don't contain much...opt for avoiding fruit altogether. Such...as eliminating fruits also excludes the...have oranges or kiwi fruits." Mohammad also uses fruit as pre- and postworkout...
Fruit snacks harvest bountiful sales: nutritional claims, flavor, form and popular licensing tie-ins have propelled fruit snack sales. (Special Report: Fruit Snack Report).
Magazine article from: Professional Candy Buyer; 9/1/2002; 700+ words ; ...Foods Co. extended its Nabisco Fun Fruits fruit snacks line with Kool-Aid Fruit...Recognizing the play value inherent in fruit snacks, Kraft recently introduced Fun Fruits Checkers, strawberry and grape fruit snacks shaped to resemble the board...
Canned fruits.(MARKETS)
Magazine article from: The Food Institute Report; 5/9/2005; ; 700+ words ; ...2004/2005 deciduous fruit production. It is...AFRICA'S DECIDUOUS FRUIT PRODUCTION (Source: FAS/Canning Fruits Producers' Association...Africa Canned Deciduous Fruit--Annual 2005 report...Source: FAS/Canning Fruits Producers' Association...
Fruit and honey
Newspaper article from: Jerusalem Post; 9/18/2009; ; 700+ words ; ...used in the classic wine- poached fruit formula. The fruit in its syrup makes a tasty dessert...wine make a delicious sweet. The fruits gain flavor from the wine and impart...give it a lovely color. Serve the fruit in its wine syrup as a light dessert...
Fruit for the palate and eye
Magazine article from: Journal of Business; 4/20/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...Two other standard fruit "bouquets" include...offers more than a dozen fruit arrangements made according...corporate formulas. Some fruits, most notably pineapple...others include all of the fruits except apples, which...inch-tall banquet fruit arrangement that can...
Fruit of the Loom to Implement Oracle's Consumer Packaged Goods Software Solution Worldwide
PR Newswire; 3/13/1997; 700+ words ; ...Nasdaq: ORCL) today announced that Fruit of the Loom, the $2.4 billion textile...consumer packaged goods industry, will help Fruit of the Loom integrate and streamline its...Applications for the Web(TM) will help Fruit of the Loom provide better, faster service...
Anatomy of fruit detachment in tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens, Solanaceae)
Magazine article from: Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society; 10/1/2003; ; 700+ words ; ...significantly during fruit maturation. In the...cells of easy-pick fruits elongated significantly...at the pedicle/fruit junction. However...plants in a field the fruits may be particularly...irregular pieces of fruit tissue remain attached...1996). On these fruits there is ...
Fruit fly quarantine filtering beyond affected area: area growers, farmers' markets feeling effects.(farms quarantined in Valley Center, inland North County California)
Magazine article from: San Diego Business Journal; 12/16/2002; ; 700+ words ; ...discovery of dozens of crop-eating Mexican fruit flies. Although no flies were found on any of their fruit, a few flies were found just down the road...of growers prohibited from selling their fruit for the next eight months. The quarantine...
Fruit conserves let you taste summer all winter. (Originated from Knight-Ridder Newspapers)
Newspaper article from: Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service; 7/6/1993; ; 700+ words ; ...intact while cooking. Fruit turns to mush when it...natural pectin found in fruits, combined with an acid...from a spoon. Add the fruit and cook until combined...necessary for different fruits is changeable, plan...sugar for every cup of fruit or fruit juice. The...
Fruit Development in Almond for Fresh Consumption
Magazine article from: Journal of the American Pomological Society; 4/1/2008; ; 700+ words ; ...recorded and seed/fruit weight ratio calculated...New Zealand). Ten fruits of each cultivar were...for each cultivar. Fruit were randomly collected except that fruits showing unusually...had the longest fruit and cotyledons at...

Related entries from encyclopedias, dictionaries, and thesauruses

Fruits
Book article from: Biology ...ovary wall forms the fruit tissue, or pericarp. Types of Fruits The botanical definition of a fruit is an organ that contains...everyday usage of the word "fruit." Botanically, pineapples...oranges, and apples are fruits, but so too are "vegetables...
Fruit Leather
Book article from: How Products Are Made Fruit Leather Background Fruit leathers, sometimes referred to as fruit rolls or Fruit Roll-ups, are popular dried food snacks. They are formed when fruit is pureed (generally from a concentrate when mass-produced) cooked, dried, and...
fruit
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ...walnut). The name fruit is often applied loosely...specifically to the fleshy fruits, some of which...the pepo (berrylike fruit) of the squash...melon. The Role of Fruits in Seed Dispersal The structure of a fruit often facilitates...
Fruit Growing
Dictionary entry from: Dictionary of American History FRUIT GROWING FRUIT GROWING. Prior to the...introduced many of these fruits and their uses to Europeans...colonists also brought fruit of their own. Fruit...vineyards and orchards of fruit trees all the way from...apples and other hardy fruits. Capt. John Smith reported...
Fruit in Mythology
Book article from: Myths and Legends of the World Fruit in Mythology Fruit appears in myths from around the world. Often it is a symbol of abundance...goddesses of fruitfulness, plenty, and the harvest. Sometimes, however, fruit represents earthly pleasures, gluttony, and temptation. Specific...

For students and teachers!

Encyclopedia.com provides students and teachers facts, information, and biographies from verified, citable sources, including:

Encyclopedia.com provides students and teachers facts, information, and biographies from verified, citable sources, including: