duchy of Cleves
duchy of Cleves former state, W Germany, on both sides of the lower Rhine, bordering on the Netherlands. Cleves was the capital. A county from late Carolingian times, it acquired (late 14th cent.) the county of Mark, in Westphalia, and in 1417 was made a duchy. In 1521, Duke John III of Cleves inherited through marriage the duchies of Jülich and Berg and the county of Ravensberg. His daughter, Anne of Cleves, was married in 1540 to Henry VIII of England. In 1609 the male line became extinct, and a complicated dynastic quarrel for the succession followed. Brandenburg acquired (1614) Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg; the Palatinate-Neuburg line of the Bavarian house of Wittelsbach took Jülich and Berg. The succession was not finally settled until 1666, when the Treaty of Cleves confirmed the division. Cleves was held by France during the French Revolutionary Wars and in 1815 was returned to Prussia.
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X-ray astronomy continues to reveal phenomena.(The Dallas Morning News)
Newspaper article from: Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service; 7/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...Society. Unlike visible-light astronomy, which magnifies stars and galaxies...the human eye would see them, X-ray astronomy reveals phenomena that would otherwise...sky glow almost exclusively in X-rays. From the hearts of faraway galaxies...
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 "The Dallas Morning News (via Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service)")
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X-ray astronomy continues to reveal phenomena.
Newspaper article from: The Dallas Morning News (via Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service); 6/22/2002; 700+ words
; ...Society. Unlike visible-light astronomy, which magnifies stars and galaxies...the human eye would see them, X-ray astronomy reveals phenomena that would otherwise...sky glow almost exclusively in X-rays. From the hearts of faraway galaxies...
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U. Hawaii astronomy team look back in time using X-ray backgrounds
News Wire article from: University Wire; 3/10/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory...Institute for Astronomy astronomer Lennox...the majority of X-ray backgrounds. "The X-ray background is...emission of X-rays from everything...energy light, X-ray detectors must...atmosphere. Sources of ...
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Japanese-U.S. satellite ushers in golden era of X-ray astronomy.
M2 Presswire; 2/3/2000; 700+ words
; ...satellite ushers in golden era of X-ray astronomy (C)1994-2000 M2 COMMUNICATIONS...E, the Japanese-U.S. X-ray spacecraft poised for...created by individual X-ray photons, as opposed to converting X-rays to electrical charges and...
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On the trail of missing matter: X-ray astronomy opens up some of the universe's most violent and creative processes.(Features)(Ideas)
Newspaper article from: The Christian Science Monitor; 3/1/2001; 700+ words
; ...observatory is designed to study X-ray emissions from some of...The nice thing about X-ray astronomy in general is that virtually...detected about 100 X-rays from that cluster," he...signature from Chandra's X-ray spectrograph. (The abundance...
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NEW SATELLITE'S DETECTOR A "TOUR DE FORCE" IN X-RAY ASTRONOMY
News Wire article from: United Press International; 2/7/2000; 624 words
; ...successful Chandra X-ray Observatory. While Astro...study of high-energy X-rays than any of the earlier...state-of-the-art X-ray observatories studying...the "golden age" of X-ray astronomy. "I think the explosion...
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SUMMARY NEWS RELEASES: NASA FY 2001 BUDGET BRIEFING SCHEDULED, JAPANESE-U.S. SATELLITE USHERS IN GOLDEN ERA OF X-RAY ASTRONOMY
Transcript from: Regulatory Intelligence Data; 2/2/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...Astro-E to Usher in Golden Era of X-ray Astronomy Item 2 - STS-99 Crew Departure...animation) excels in producing X- ray images, Astro-E excels in producing...composition of the gas producing those X-rays. ITEM 1c INTERVIEW EXCERPTS Dr...
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JAPANESE -U.S. SATELLITE USHERS IN GOLDEN ERA OF X-RAY ASTRONOMY
Transcript from: Regulatory Intelligence Data; 2/2/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...measures the heat created by individual X-ray photons, as opposed to converting X-rays to electrical charges and then collecting...composition of the gas producing those X-rays. Along with the XRS are four X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) instruments...
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The Restless Universe: Understanding X-ray Astronomy in the Age of Chandra and Newton.(Book Review)
Magazine article from: Science News; 12/7/2002; 413 words
; ...radiation that we cannot see--the X rays that carry information about space objects. X rays bombard Earth, but our planet...years ago. He melds a history of X-ray astronomy with a wide-ranging look at the...
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CSIRO: Medals to x-rays, astronomy, timber, boger fluids.
M2 Presswire; 12/3/1998; 700+ words
; ...CSIRO: Medals to x-rays, astronomy, timber, boger...for 1998: * X-ray Phase-Contrast...bending, of x-rays as they pass...quality of x-ray images, and...new company, X-ray Technologies...of-the-art astronomy," says Dr McIntosh...
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X-ray astronomy
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
X-ray astronomy study of celestial objects by means of the X rays they emit, in the wavelength...01 to 10 nanometers. X-ray astronomy dates to 1949 with the discovery that the sun emits X rays. Since X rays could not...
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Astronomy: Radio, X-ray, and Infrared
Book article from: American Decades
...The Orbital Solar Observatories pointed X-ray detectors toward the Sun, which, while not a strong X-ray source, does emit some X-rays. The Development of Infrared Astronomy Infrared astronomy was developed in the...
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gamma-ray astronomy
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...detect and to pinpoint. X rays and some gamma rays are produced throughout...holes , and gamma-ray astronomy can be considered an extension of X-ray astronomy to the extreme shortwave...the spectrum . Gamma rays are difficult to observe...
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Chandra X-ray Observatory
Book article from: A Dictionary of Astronomy
Chandra X-ray Observatory A NASA X-ray astronomy satellite, one of the four Great Observatories , launched...that of a conventional 0.4-m optical telescope to observe X-rays of 0.1–10 keV (0.12–...
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astronomy
Book article from: World Encyclopedia
...various branches of modern astronomy. Optical astronomy studies sources of light in space. Light rays can penetrate the atmosphere...the atmosphere. Gamma-ray , infrared , ultraviolet , and X-ray astronomy study the emission of radiation...
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