Documents for "Social Reformers":

• Abernathy, Ralph David 1926-90, American civil-rights leader, b. Linden, Ala. A Baptist minister, he helped Martin Luther King , Jr., organize the Montgomery bus boycott (1955). He was treasurer, vice president, and, after King's assassination (1968), president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). An...

• Anthony, Susan Brownell 1820-1906, American reformer and leader of the woman-suffrage movement, b. Adams, Mass.; daughter of Daniel Anthony, Quaker abolitionist. From the age of 17, when she was a teacher in rural New...

• Arnoldson, Klas Pontus 1844-1916, Swedish journalist and peace advocate. His untiring efforts for peace were rewarded by the 1908 Nobel Peace Prize, which he shared with Fredrik Bajer. A book he wrote on world peace (1900) was widely read. As a member (1882-87) of the Swedish Riksdag, he introduced a motion for permanent neutrality. In the union crisis in 1905, he opposed war...

• Astell, Mary 1666-1731, English author and feminist. Her Serious Proposal to the Ladies (2 parts, 1694-97) offered a scheme for a women's college, an idea far in advance of the time. The project was not realized,...

• Bailey, Gamaliel 1807-59, American abolitionist editor, b. Mt. Holly, N.J. In 1837 he succeeded James Birney as editor and publisher of the Philanthropist at Cincinnati. Three times his office was attacked by proslavery...

• Bajer, Fredrik 1837-1922, Danish pacifist and writer. He helped found the International Peace Bureau at Berne in 1891, and he shared the 1908 Nobel Peace Prize with K. P. Arnoldson.

• Baldwin, Roger Nash 1884-1981, American civil libertarian, b. Wellesley, Mass. He helped to found (1920) the American Civil Liberties Union and was its director until 1950 and its adviser on international affairs thereafter....

• Bamford, Samuel 1788-1872, English weaver, poet, and social reformer. Always sympathetic toward the working class, he was jailed in 1819 for his part in the Peterloo massacre. His dialect verses were popular among...

• Barnardo, Thomas John 1845-1905, British social reformer. Pioneering in the care of destitute children, he founded (1867) in London the East End Juvenile Mission. In 1870, with the aid of the 7th earl of Shaftesbury,...

• Barrows, Samuel June 1845-1909, American clergyman and reformer, b. New York City. He was a pastor in Dorchester, Mass., and later edited (1880-96) the Christian Register, a Unitarian weekly. In 1895 he was appointed by President Cleveland to represent the United States on the International Prison Commission. The following year he was elected to Congress, where he...

• Bergh, Henry 1811-88, American philanthropist, b. New York City. He founded (1866) the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. This organization, the first of its kind in the country, was...

• Berrigan brothers American Catholic priests, writers, and social activists.

• Besant, Annie 1847-1933, English social reformer and theosophist, b. Annie Wood. She steadily grew away from Christianity and in 1873 separated from her husband, a Protestant clergyman. In 1879 the courts...

• Birney, James Gillespie 1792-1857, American abolitionist, b. Danville, Ky. He practiced law at Danville from 1814 to 1818, before he moved to Alabama, where he served one term in the state legislature. Briefly (1832-34)...

• Black, James 1823-93, American temperance leader. A Pennsylvania lawyer, he was active in state and national temperance work. His plan for a National Publication House was adopted by the National Temperance...

• Blackwell, Alice Stone 1857-1950, American feminist, b. East Orange, N.J., grad. Boston Univ., 1881; daughter of Henry Brown Blackwell and Lucy Stone. She was an editor (1881-1917) of the Woman's Journal, first as assistant...

• Blackwell, Henry Brown 1825-1909, American reformer, b. Bristol, England; brother of Elizabeth Blackwell. He was an abolitionist and later, with his wife, Lucy Stone , a worker for woman suffrage.

• Bloomer, Amelia Jenks 1818-94, American reformer, b. Homer, N.Y. She was editor (1848-54) of the Lily, first published in Seneca Falls, N.Y., and devoted to women's rights and to temperance. In 1851 she recommended and adopted the reformed dress of short skirt and full trousers introduced by...

• Bloor, Ella Reeve 1862-1951, American radical, popularly known as Mother Bloor, b. Staten Island, N.Y. After an early career in the woman-suffrage and temperance movements she joined the Socialist party in 1902 and...

• Bloy, Léon 1846-1917, French writer. A Roman Catholic and a social reformer, Bloy wrote violent and vituperative attacks on religious conformism and bitter portraits of his life and friends. His works decry...

• Brace, Charles Loring 1826-90, American clergyman and social reformer, b. Litchfield, Conn. America's pioneer children's advocate, he founded (1853) the Children's Aid Society of New York, an organization that...

• Bradlaugh, Charles 1833-91, British social reformer, a secularist. Editor of the free-thinking weekly National Reformer from 1860 and later associated with Annie Besant , he was an early advocate of woman's suffrage, birth control, free speech, national education, trade unionism, and other controversial causes. In 1880, Bradlaugh was elected to Parliament after...

• Brent, Margaret 1600?-1671?, early American feminist, b. Gloucester, England. With her two brothers and a sister, she left England to settle (1638) in St. Marys City, Md., where she acquired an extensive estate;...

• Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell 1786-1845, British social reformer. As a member of Parliament (1818-37) he began his reform activities immediately with the publication of An Inquiry Whether Crime and Misery Are Produced or Prevented by Our Present System of Prison Discipline; this work led to the establishment of the Society for the Reformation of Prison Discipline. An abolitionist, Buxton succeeded William Wilberforce as leader of the antislavery group. His efforts...

• Cadbury, Dame Elizabeth 1858-1951, English social worker and philanthropist, b. Elizabeth Mary Taylor, studied in France and Germany; wife of George Cadbury. She became interested in social service and was active in many organizations working for improvement in education, housing, and peace. She was a member of the Birmingham Education Committee after...

• Cadbury, George 1839-1922, English manufacturer and social reformer; husband of Elizabeth Mary Cadbury. In 1861, Cadbury and his brother Richard assumed control of their father's Birmingham cocoa and chocolate factory. Interested in housing problems, the brothers moved (1880) the plant to Bournville...

• Carmichael, Stokely 1941-98, African-American social activist, b. Trinidad. He lived in New York City after 1952 and graduated from Howard Univ. in 1964. Carmichael participated in the Congress of Racial Equality's "freedom rides" in 1961, and by 1964 was a field organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Alabama. As SNCC chair in 1966, he ejected more moderate leaders and set off a storm of...

• Catt, Carrie Chapman 1859-1947, American suffragist and peace advocate, b. Carrie Lane, Ripon, Wis., grad. Iowa State College (now Iowa State Univ.), 1880. She was superintendent of schools (1883-84) in Mason City,...

• Chadwick, Sir Edwin 1800-1890, English social reformer. For many years an assistant to Jeremy Bentham, Chadwick applied Bentham's utilitarianism to the reform (1834) of the Poor Law and to the development of public...

• Chapman, Maria Weston 1806-85, American abolitionist, b. Weymouth, Mass. In 1834 she became a close associate of William Lloyd Garrison, helped organize the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, and for several years was...

• Chavis, Benjamin Franklin, Jr. see Muhammad, Benjamin Franklin.

• Child, Lydia Maria 1802-80, American author and abolitionist, b. Lydia Maria Francis, Medford, Mass. She edited (1826-34) the Juvenile Miscellany, a children's periodical. She and her husband (David Lee Child, whom she married in 1828) were devoted to the antislavery cause; she wrote widely read pamphlets on the subject in addition to editing...

• Clarkson, Thomas 1760-1846, English abolitionist. He devoted most of his life to agitation against slavery, and the voluminous information that he gathered on the slave trade helped to influence Parliament. With...

• Cleaver, Eldridge (Leroy Eldridge Cleaver), 1935-98, African-American social activist, b. Wabbaseka, Ark. Growing up in Los Angeles, he spent much of 1954-66 in prison for various crimes including rape. In 1966 he...

• Coffin, Levi 1798-1877, American abolitionist, b. North Carolina. In 1826 he moved to the Quaker settlement of Newport (now Fountain City), Ind., where he kept a store until 1847. His home became a leading...

• Coffin, William Sloane, Jr. 1924-2006, American Protestant social activist, b. New York City. Strongly influenced by the social philosophy of Reinhold Niebuhr, Coffin became a leader in the civil-rights and peace movements of the 1960s and 1970s when he was chaplain at his alma mater, Yale. As minister (1977-87) of Riverside Church in New York City he was...

• Comstock, Anthony 1844-1915, American morals crusader, b. New Canaan, Conn. He served with the Union army in the Civil War and was later active as an antiabortionist and in advocating the suppression of obscene...

• Coram, Thomas 1668?-1751, English philanthropist and colonizer. He lived for some years in Massachusetts, working as a shipbuilder. On his return to England he became (1732) a trustee of James Oglethorpe's...

• Corrigan, Mairead 1944-, Irish social activist, b. Belfast. A volunteer social worker in the Catholic neighborhoods of Belfast, Corrigan saw three of her sister's children killed when a car driven by an Irish...

• Coxey, Jacob Sechler 1854-1951, American social reformer, b. Selinsgrove, Pa. He began his career as a stationary engineer, later turning to the scrap-iron business and then to sandstone quarrying in Massillon, Ohio...

• Darusmont, Frances Wright see Wright, Frances.

• Davies, Emily (Sarah Emily Davies) , 1830-1921, British feminist, co-founder of Girton College, Cambridge. Educated at home, she became (1862) secretary of a committee to obtain the admission of women to university examinations. Out...

• Davis, Paulina Wright 1813-76, American lecturer and suffragist, b. Bloomfield, N.Y. Born Paulina Kellogg, she was married in 1833 to a merchant, Francis Wright, who died two years later. In 1849 she was married again,...

• Day, Thomas 1748-89, English social reformer and author. He supported the American Revolution and the abolition of slavery and was interested in improving the lot of the small farmer. His moralistic History of...

• Delany, Martin Robinson 1812-85, American black leader, b. Charles Town, Va. (now in West Virginia). The son of free blacks, he attended a black school in Pittsburgh and studied medicine at Harvard. He emphasized the...

• Deraismes, Maria 1828-94, French feminist. She was a founder (1869) of the first French society dedicated to improving conditions and securing greater educational advantages for women. Her complete writings were...

• Dix, Dorothea Lynde 1802-87, American social reformer, pioneer in the movement for humane treatment of the insane, b. Hampden, Maine. For many years she ran a school in Boston. In 1841 she visited a jail in East...

• Dodge, David Low 1774-1852, American merchant and pacifist, b. Brooklyn, Conn. In 1815 he founded the New York Peace Society, possibly the first such organization to be established. In 1828 other peace societies...

• Dodge, Grace Hoadley 1856-1914, American philanthropist, b. New York City; great-granddaughter of David Low Dodge. She played an important part in the founding of Teachers College of Columbia. She also promoted working...

• Douglass, Frederick c.1817-1895, American abolitionist, b. near Easton, Md. The son of a black slave, Harriet Bailey, and an unknown white father, he took the name of Douglass (from Scott's hero in The Lady of the Lake ) after his second, and successful, attempt to escape from slavery in 1838. At New Bedford, Mass., he found work as a day laborer. An extemporaneous speech before a meeting at Nantucket of the...

• Dow, Neal 1804-97, American prohibitionist, b. Portland, Maine. He helped organize the Maine Temperance Union in 1838 and prepared (1851) the famous "Maine Law," which superseded the less rigid prohibition legislation of 1846. As mayor of Portland (1851-59), Dow succeeded with difficulty in making his law operative in that city. He lectured on prohibition...

• Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois) , 1868-1963, American civil-rights leader and author, b. Great Barrington, Mass., grad. Harvard (B.A., 1890; M.A., 1891; Ph.D., 1895). Du Bois was an early exponent of full equality for African...

• Ducommun, Élie 1833-1906, Swiss journalist and pacifist. He organized (1891) the International Peace Bureau at Bern and shared the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize with C. A. Gobat.

• Dunant, Jean Henri 1828-1910, Swiss philanthropist and founder of the International Red Cross, b. Geneva. In 1862 appeared his Un souvenir de Solférino (tr. The Origins of the Red Cross, 1911), a description of the sufferings of the wounded at the battle of Solferino and a plea for organizations to care for the war wounded. There was an immediate response. Gustave Moynier and the...

• Duniway, Abigail Scott 1834-1915, American editor and advocate of women's rights, b. near Groveland, Ill. She went to Oregon with her family in 1852 and the next year married Benjamin Charles Duniway. For many years she...

• Eaton, Dorman Bridgman 1823-99, American reformer, b. Hardwick, Vt. He was a law partner of William Kent in New York City. His major interests were reform in municipal administration and abolition of the spoils system in...

• Estournelles de Constant, Paul Henri Benjamin, baron d' 1852-1924, French diplomat and pacifist. He wrote and spoke tirelessly in favor of disarmament and international conciliation, was a delegate to the Hague peace conferences (1899 and 1907), and...

• Evans, George Henry 1805-56, American labor and agrarian reformer, b. England. After emigrating (1820) to New York City, he edited several newspapers, among them the Workingman's Advocate. He also led a number of workingman's...

• Fanon, Frantz Omar 1925-61, French West Indian psychiatrist, author, revolutionary, and leader of the Algerian National Front, b. Martinique. Educated in France, he went to Algeria (1953) to practice psychiatry...

• Fee, John Gregg 1816-1901, American abolitionist clergyman, b. Bracken co., Ky. After two years (1842-44) at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, he devoted himself to the abolitionist cause in Kentucky; for...

• Fliedner, Theodor 1800-1864, German Protestant minister and philanthropist. In 1826 he organized the first prison society of Germany. Ten years later at Kaiserswerth he founded the pioneer deaconess house and...

• Foster, Abigail Kelley 1810-87, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. near Amherst, Mass. Abby Kelley, as she was known to her contemporaries, began her crusade against slavery in 1837 after teaching...

• Fried, Alfred Hermann 1864-1921, Austrian pacifist. He moved to Berlin, where he was a bookseller and a writer. Influenced by Bertha von Suttner, he devoted himself after 1891 to the international peace movement. Fried...

• Friedan, Betty Naomi 1921-2006, American social reformer and feminist, b. Peoria, Ill. as Bettye Goldstein, educated at Smith College (B.A., 1942) and the Univ. of California at Berkeley. A suburban housewife and...

• Fuller, Margaret 1810-50, American writer and lecturer, b. Cambridgeport (now part of Cambridge), Mass. She was one of the most influential personalities of her day in American literary circles. A precocious child,...

• Gage, Matilda Joslyn 1826-98, American woman-suffrage leader, b. Cicero, N.Y. Joining the women's rights movement in 1853, she edited in Syracuse, N.Y., the National Citizen, a feminist journal. She was president (1875-76)...

• Garnet, Henry Highland 1815-82, American abolitionist clergyman, b. Kent co., Md. Born a slave, he escaped in 1824 and was educated at the Oneida Institute, Whitesboro, N.Y. He was an eloquent speaker, but his...

• Garrett, Thomas 1789-1871, American abolitionist, b. Upper Darby, Pa. A Quaker, he joined the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1818. At Wilmington, Del., where he became a hardware merchant and toolmaker, he made...

• Garrison, William Lloyd 1805-79, American abolitionist, b. Newburyport, Mass. He supplemented his limited schooling with newspaper work and in 1829 went to Baltimore to aid Benjamin Lundy in publishing the Genius of Universal Emancipation. This led (1830) to his imprisonment for seven weeks for libel. On Jan. 1, 1831, he published the first number of the Liberator, a paper that he continued for 35 years (to Dec. 29, 1865), until after the Thirteenth Amendment had been adopted. In the Liberator, Garrison took an uncompromising stand for immediate and complete abolition of slavery. Though its circulation was never over 3,000, the paper became famous for its startling and quotable language...

• Garvey, Marcus 1887-1940, American proponent of black nationalism, b. Jamaica. At the age of 14, Garvey went to work as a printer's apprentice. After leading (1907) an unsuccessful printers' strike in Jamaica, he...

• Gerry, Elbridge Thomas 1837-1927, American reformer, b. New York City; grandson of Elbridge Gerry. Admitted (1860) to the New York bar, he came to be adviser to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to...

• Gilman, Charlotte Perkins 1860-1935, American feminist and reformer, b. Hartford, Conn.; great-granddaughter of Lyman Beecher. Prominent as a lecturer and writer on the labor movement and feminism, she edited the Forerunner,...

• Girard, Stephen 1750-1831, American merchant, banker, and philanthropist, b. Bordeaux, France. Girard went to sea and at the age of 23 was a captain. In 1776 he settled in Philadelphia as a shipowner and...

• Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft see Wollstonecraft, Mary.

• Gordon, Bruce S. 1946-, African-American business executive and civil-rights leader, b. Camden, N.J.; grad. Gettysburg College (B.A., 1968), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.S., 1988). Gordon entered the...

• Graham, Sylvester 1794-1851, American reformer and Presbyterian minister, b. West Suffield, Conn. He advocated a vegetable diet as a cure for intemperance and the use of coarsely ground whole-wheat flour. Graham...

• Green, Andrew Haswell 1820-1903, American civic leader, b. Worcester, Mass. He read law under Samuel J. Tilden and became his partner. Prominent in civic affairs of New York City, he held a number of offices, was largely responsible for much of the park system (notably Riverside Drive, Morningside, and Fort...

• Grimké, Angelina Emily 1805-79, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. Charleston, S.C. Converted to the Quaker faith by her elder sister Sarah Moore Grimké, she became an abolitionist in 1835, wrote An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (1836) in testimony of her conversion, and with her sister began speaking around New York City. She developed into an orator of considerable power and was invited (1837) to lecture in...

• Grimké, Archibald Henry 1849-1930, African-American author and crusader for black advancement, b. near Charleston, S.C. The son of a white father and a slave mother, he was graduated from Lincoln Univ. (B.A., 1870; M.A.,...

• Grimké, Sarah Moore 1792-1873, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. Charleston, S.C. She came from a distinguished Southern family. On a visit to Philadelphia, Sarah joined the Society of Friends...

• Groppi, James 1931-85, American Roman Catholic cleric and political activist, b. Milwaukee. Groppi, who grew up in the Milwaukee slums, attended St. Francis' Seminary and was ordained in 1960. In 1967 he helped...

• Guy, Thomas 1645?-1724, English philanthropist, founder of Guy's Hospital, London (1721). As a printer and bookseller, Guy amassed a fortune, which he devoted to private and institutional charity. He...

• Harkness, Edward Stephen 1874-1940, American philanthropist, b. Cleveland. He inherited a fortune from his father, a partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. His extensive philanthropies, many of them anonymous, were extended...

• Harper, Ida Husted 1851-1931, American woman suffragist. Allied with the woman-suffrage movement from 1898, she became the official reporter and historian of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She wrote...

• Helper, Hinton Rowan 1829-1909, American writer, b. Davie co., N.C. He was in California during the gold rush and later returned east to write The Land of Gold (1855). His next book, The Impending Crisis of the South (1857), an attack on slavery, enraged the South. In 1860 the Republican party distributed 100,000 copies of the book. Helper condemned slavery not on humanitarian or moral grounds, but because it...

• Henson, Josiah 1789-1883, black slave, reputedly the basis of the character of Uncle Tom in Uncle Tom's Cabin, b. Charles co., Md. In 1825 he faithfully led a party of his master's slaves from Maryland, across free territory in Ohio, to Kentucky. Tricked out of the freedom he had purchased and threatened...

• Hirsch, Maurice, baron de 1831-96, German Jewish financier and philanthropist. The benefactor of numerous organizations and causes, his most ambitious project was the Jewish Colonization Association (1891), an organization...

• Hooks, Benjamin Lawson 1925-, American black leader, b. Memphis, Tenn. In 1972 President Nixon named Hooks, a lawyer and Baptist minister, to the Federal Communications Commission , making him its first black member. From...

• Howe, Samuel Gridley 1801-76, American reformer and philanthropist, b. Boston, Mass., grad. Brown, 1821, M.D. Harvard, 1824. He began his life-long service to others by going to Greece to aid in its war for...

• Innis, Roy (Roy Emile Alfredo Innis), 1934-, American civil-rights leader, b. St. Croix, Virgin Islands. A member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) since 1963, he has been its national director (1968-82) and has served as national chairman since 1970. In the late 1960s he traded the integrationist agenda of the civil-rights movement for...

• Jacobs, Jane 1916-2006, American-Canadian urbanologist, b. Scranton, Pa., as Jane Butzner. In the 1930s she moved to New York City, where she was (1952-64) an editor of Architectural Forum magazine. Living in Greenwich Village, she became active in efforts to preserve the neighborhood. Her first book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), proved to be one of the most influential works in the history of city planning and has been particularly important to America's New Urbanists. In it, Jacobs advocated the free and...

• Jordan, Vernon Eulion, Jr. 1935-, African-American civil-rights leader and lawyer, b. Atlanta, Ga. A graduate of the Howard Univ. Law School, he was executive director (1970-71) of the United Negro College Fund and president...

• Julian, George Washington 1817-99, American abolitionist, U.S. Representative from Indiana (1849-51, 1861-71), b. Wayne co., Ind. Elected to the Indiana legislature as a Whig in 1845, he later became prominent in the...

• Keller, Helen Adams 1880-1968, American author and lecturer, blind and deaf from an undiagnosed illness at the age of two, b. Tuscumbia, Ala. In 1887 she was put under the charge of Anne Sullivan (see Macy, Anne Sullivan ), who was her teacher and companion until Sullivan's death in 1936. As a pupil Helen Keller made rapid progress and was graduated from Radcliffe in 1904 with honors. She lectured all over America...

• Kelley, Abby see Foster, Abigail Kelley.

• Kelley, Florence 1859-1932, American social worker and reformer, b. Philadelphia, grad. Cornell, 1882, and Northwestern Univ. law school, 1894. Married in 1884 to a Polish doctor, Lazare Wishnieweski, she divorced...

• Key, Ellen 1849-1926, Swedish author, critic, and ideologue. Believing that women are primarily fitted for motherhood, she deplored feminist claims to equality on the labor market. Her ideas regarding state...

• King, Coretta Scott 1927-2006, American civil-rights leader, b. Heiberger, Ala.; the wife (1953-68) of Martin Luther King , Jr. After her husband's assassination, she carried on his civil-rights work. She also campaigned to have his birthday commemorated as a national holiday, which was first observed in 1986, and...

• King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1929-68, American clergyman and civil-rights leader, b. Atlanta, Ga., grad. Morehouse College (B.A., 1948), Crozer Theological Seminary (B.D., 1951), Boston Univ. (Ph.D., 1955). The son of the...

• La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de 1747-1827, French social reformer. Before the French Revolution he established a model farm, two factories, and a trade school on his estate, and in the Constituent Assembly he urged the necessity...

• Ladd, William 1778-1841, American pacifist, b. Exeter, N.H., grad. Harvard, 1797. He commanded sailing vessels until the outbreak of the War of 1812, when he retired to a farm in Maine. In 1820 he began to write...

• Lange, Christian Louis 1869-1938, Norwegian pacifist. In his youth he joined the Young Norway movement and worked for the separation of Norway from Sweden. He taught in the Norwegian Nobel Institute, represented his...

• Lathrop, Julia Clifford 1858-1932, American social worker and administrator, b. Rockford, Ill., grad. Vassar, 1880. Associated with Jane Addams at Hull House in Chicago, she was active in civic work, aiding in founding (1899)...

• Lawrence, Amos Adams 1814-86, American colonizer and philanthropist, b. Boston, grad. Harvard, 1835; nephew of Abbott Lawrence. A prosperous commission merchant and manufacturer of textiles, Lawrence gave liberally to...

• Leary, Timothy Francis 1920-96, American psychologist and educator, b. Springfield, Mass., Ph.D., Univ. of California at Berkeley, 1950. He was dismissed as a professor of psychology at Harvard, where he taught from 1959...

• Lloyd, Henry Demarest 1847-1903, American reformer, b. New York City. He was on the editorial staff of the Chicago Tribune from 1872 to 1885 but resigned to study social problems. His Wealth against Commonwealth (1894) is an attack on monopolies, based especially on an analysis of the Standard Oil Company. He traveled widely, writing about conditions in various countries and always supporting the causes of...

• Love, Alfred Henry 1830-1913, American pacifist, b. Philadelphia. Love, a Quaker, remained firm in his principles at the outbreak of the Civil War, refusing even to hire a substitute when he was drafted; he set forth...

• Lovejoy, Elijah Parish 1802-37, American abolitionist, b. Albion, Maine, grad. Waterville (now Colby) College, 1826, and later studied theology at Princeton. In 1833 he became editor of the Observer, a Presbyterian weekly in St. Louis. His antislavery views (he advocated gradual emancipation) became extremely unpopular, and in 1836 he moved to Alton, Ill. There he advocated immediate abolition...

• Lovejoy, Owen 1811-64, American abolitionist, b. Albion, Maine, educated at Bowdoin College. He witnessed the killing of his brother Elijah P. Lovejoy, under whom he had studied for the ministry. Taking up...

• Low, Juliette Gordon 1860-1927, American founder of the Girl Scouts, b. Savannah, Ga., as Juliette Magill Kinzie Gordon. From a prominent Southern family, she met Robert Baden-Powell , founder of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides, in England in 1911 and began organizing Girl Guide troops in Great Britain. Returning to the United States, she founded a Girl Guide troop in Savannah in...

• Lundy, Benjamin 1789-1839, American abolitionist, b. Sussex co., N.J., of Quaker parentage. A pioneer in the antislavery movement, Lundy founded (1815) the Union Humane Society while operating a saddlery in Ohio...

• Mathew, Theobald 1790-1856, Irish social worker and temperance leader, a Capuchin priest. Father Mathew spent many years working for the welfare and education of the poor. In 1838 he took a pledge of total...

• Menchú, Rigoberta 1959-, Guatemalan social reformer. Of Mayan descent, she and her family were caught in Guatemala's bloody civil war. Protesters against human-rights abuses, her father, mother, and younger brother...

• Milk, Harvey 1931-78, U.S. politician and gay-rights activist. When elected (1977) to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, he was the first acknowledged homosexual to win high local office in the United...

• Mitford, Jessica see under Mitford, Nancy.

• Montefiore, Sir Moses Haim 1784-1885, British-Jewish philanthropist, b. Italy. He married a Rothschild and became affiliated with the family's banking business. He accumulated a fortune on the London stock exchange and...

• Mott, Lucretia Coffin 1793-1880, American feminist and reformer, b. Nantucket, Mass. She moved (1804) with her family to Boston and later (1809) to Philadelphia. A Quaker, she studied and taught at a Friends school near...

• Muhammad, Benjamin Franklin Chavis 1948-, African-American civil-rights and religious leader, b. Oxford, N.C., as Benjamin Franklin Chavis, Jr. An activist from boyhood, he was a youth coordinator for the Southern Christian...

• Nader, Ralph 1934-, U.S. consumer advocate and political reformer, b. Winsted, Conn. Admitted to the bar in 1958, he practiced law in Connecticut and was a lecturer (1961-63) in history and government at the...

• Nation, Carry Moore 1846-1911, American temperance advocate, b. Garrard co., Ky. During her childhood her family moved a great deal, finally settling at Belton, Mo., where she married (1867) Charles Gloyd, a...

• Noyes, John Humphrey 1811-86, American reformer, founder of the Oneida community, b. Brattleboro, Vt. He studied theology at Yale but lost his license to preach because of his "perfectionist" doctrine. This took its name from Mat. 5.48 and was based on the belief that man's innate sinlessness could be regained through communion with Christ. At Putney, Vt., he formed (1839) a society of...

• Ossietzky, Carl von 1889-1938, German pacifist. A leader of the peace movement in Germany after World War I, he was editor of the antimilitarist weekly Weltbühne from 1927. Ossietzky was imprisoned (1932) for articles exposing secret rearmament in Germany. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Ossietzky was sent to a concentration camp. Suffering from...

• Owen, Robert 1771-1858, British social reformer and socialist, pioneer in the cooperative movement. The son of a saddler, he had little formal education but was a zealous reader. At the age of 10 he began...

• Owen, Robert Dale 1801-77, American social reformer, b. Scotland; son of Robert Owen. He studied at his father's New Lanark school and in Switzerland. In 1825 he went to New Harmony , Ind. There he met Frances Wright...

• Pérez Esquivel, Adolpho 1931-, Argentine sculptor, architect, and humanitarian. A professor at the Argentine National School of Fine Arts, he resigned (1974) to become head of Peace and Justice, a human-rights...

• Pankhurst, Emmeline Goulden 1858-1928, British woman suffragist. Disappointed in the disinterest in women's suffrage shown by the Liberal party, the Fabian Society, and the Independent Labour party, she founded (1903) her...

• Parks, Rosa Louise 1913-2005, American civil-rights activist, b. Tuskegee, Ala., as Rosa Louise McCauley. A seamstress and long-time member of the Montgomery, Ala., chapter of the National Association for the...

• Paul, Alice 1885-1977, American feminist, b. Moorestown, N.J. She helped found the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (1913), which became the National Woman's party (1917). After the passage of the 19th...

• Phillips, Wendell 1811-84, American reformer and orator, b. Boston, grad. Harvard (B.A., 1831; LL.B., 1834). He was admitted to the bar in 1834 but, having sufficient income of his own, he abandoned his law practice...

• Place, Francis 1771-1854, English radical reformer. A tailor for many years, he educated himself and made his shop a meeting center for radicals and reformers. He was especially active in the trade-union...

• Plimsoll, Samuel 1824-98, English reformer. Plimsoll was particularly interested in the welfare of sailors. As a member of Parliament (1868-80) he secured legislation limiting the loading of ships. It required...

• Quidde, Ludwig 1858-1941, German pacifist and historian. He was elected (1907) to the Bavarian diet, was a member (1919-22) of the national assembly at Weimar, and later served in the Reichstag. Indefatigable in...

• Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm 1818-88, German leader in the cooperative movement. Between 1845 and 1865 he was mayor of several German towns. After the agricultural crisis of 1846-47 Raiffeisen came to the conclusion that the...

• Riis, Jacob August 1849-1914, Danish-American journalist and social reformer, b. Denmark. He emigrated to the United States in 1870. In 1877 he became a police reporter for the New York Tribune and later for the New York Evening Sun. His reports on slum dwellings and abuses of lower-class urban life culminated in his first book, How the Other Half Lives (1890), and earned him the friendship of Theodore Roosevelt. Riis founded a pioneer settlement house in New York (named for him in 1901). His association with the public park and playground...

• Rotblat, Sir Joseph 1908-2005, British physicist and anti-nuclear weapons activist, b. Warsaw, Poland; grad. Free Univ. of Poland (M.A., 1932), Univ. of Warsaw (Ph.D., 1938), Univ. of Liverpool (Ph.D., 1950). He went...

• Rowton, Montagu William Lowry Corry, 1st Baron 1838-1903, English philanthropist. He was called to the bar in 1863. From 1866 until 1881 he served as private secretary to Disraeli, who recommended him for the title of Baron Rowton (1880) and...

• Rustin, Bayard 1910-87, African-American civil-rights leader, b. West Chester, Pa. He attended three colleges but did not obtain a degree. A Quaker, he was imprisoned as a conscientious objector for more than two...

• Sakharov, Andrei Dmitriyevich 1921-89, Soviet nuclear physicist and human-rights advocate; first Soviet citizen to receive the Nobel Peace Prize (1975). From 1948 to 1956 he helped to develop the USSR's hydrogen bomb. In the...

• Salt, Sir Titus 1803-76, English textile manufacturer and inventor. He invented a machine for making worsted from coarse wool and a process for spinning and weaving alpaca. In 1851 he started to build, on the Aire...

• Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin 1831-1917, American journalist, author, and philanthropist, b. Hampton Falls, N.H., grad. Harvard, 1855. An active abolitionist, he was a friend and agent of John Brown, although he disapproved of...

• Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of 1771-1820, Scottish philanthropist, founder of the Red River Settlement. Emigration to America seemed to him the best solution for the poverty of his countrymen, especially the Highlanders who had been evicted from their small holdings. He obtained land on Prince...

• Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of 1801-85, English social reformer. He was known as Lord Ashley until 1851, when he succeeded his father as earl. Entering the House of Commons in 1826, he became a leading advocate of government...

• Sharp, Granville 1735-1813, English reformer, scholar, and abolitionist. In 1772 he won a case establishing the principle that any slave would become free upon reaching British land. Sharp continued his...

• Shaw, Anna Howard 1847-1919, American woman-suffrage leader, b. England. She emigrated (1851) to the United States in early childhood and grew up on a farm in Michigan. She received a degree in theology (1878) and...

• Smith, Gerrit 1797-1874, American reformer, b. Utica, N.Y. He spent much of his fortune in various reforms, most notably abolition. He was an organizer of the Liberty party and was candidate for governor of New...

• Sojourner Truth see Truth, Sojourner.

• Spargo, John 1876-1966, American reformer and author, b. Cornwall, England. An early socialist, he was active in the Socialist party of the United States but resigned in 1917 because of its antiwar policy...

• Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 1815-1902, American reformer, a leader of the woman-suffrage movement, b. Johnstown, N.Y. She was educated at the Troy Female Seminary (now Emma Willard School) in Troy, N.Y. In 1840 she married...

• Tappan, Arthur 1786-1865, American abolitionist, b. Northampton, Mass. He made a fortune in the dry-goods business in New York City and with his brother and partner Lewis Tappan gave generously of his time and...

• Tappan, Lewis 1788-1873, American abolitionist, b. Northampton, Mass. He became a partner in his brother Arthur's New York mercantile house in 1828 and in 1841 founded the first agency for rating commercial...

• Thayer, Eli 1819-99, American abolitionist, b. Medon, Mass. He was a Free-Soiler in the Massachusetts legislature (1853-54), organized the New England Emigrant Aid Company for sending antislavery settlers to Kansas,...

• Townsend, Francis Everett 1867-1960, American reformer, leader of an old-age pension movement, b. Fairbury, Ill., grad. Univ. of Nebraska medical school, 1903. He practiced medicine in several Western states before he...

• Truth, Sojourner c.1797-1883, American abolitionist, a freed slave, originally called Isabella, b. Ulster co., N.Y. Convinced that she heard heavenly voices, she left (1843) domestic employment in New York City,...

• Tubman, Harriet c.1820-1913, American abolitionist, b. Dorchester co., Md. Born into slavery, she escaped to Phildelphia in 1849, and subsequently became one of the most successful "conductors" on the Underground Railroad. Returning to the South more than a dozen times, she is generally credited with leading more than 300 slaves (including her parents and brother) to freedom, sometimes forcing the timid ahead with a...

• Tuke, William 1732-1822, English merchant and philanthropist. He succeeded at an early age to the family business at York in wholesale tea and coffee. He is remembered as the chief founder of the York Retreat...

• Turner, Nat 1800-1831, American slave, leader of the Southampton Insurrection (1831), b. Southampton co., Va. Deeply religious from childhood, Turner was a natural preacher and possessed some influence among...

• Untermyer, Samuel 1858-1940, American lawyer and civic leader, b. Lynchburg, Va., grad. Columbia law school, 1878. He gained fame as a lawyer and took part in some of the country's most important litigation. He...

• Vesey, Denmark 1767?-1822, African-American leader. After many years as a slave he won (1800) $1,500 in a lottery and purchased his freedom. Intelligent and energetic, he acquired considerable wealth and...

• Walker, Mary Edwards 1832-1919, American surgeon and feminist, b. Oswego, N.Y., grad. Syracuse Medical College, 1855. At the beginning of the Civil War she offered her services to the Union army. For the first three...

• Warren, Josiah 1798-1874, American reformer and anarchist, b. Boston. An early follower of Robert Owen , he soon rejected Owen's political socialism, advocating instead anarchy based on "the sovereignty of the individual." He founded several "equity" stores, based on the idea of exchanging goods for an equivalent amount of labor and on the principle that cost should be the limit of price. He also established three utopian colonies; the most...

• Weld, Theodore Dwight 1803-95, American abolitionist, b. Hampton, Conn. In 1825 his family moved to upstate New York, and he entered Hamilton College. While in college he became a disciple of the evangelist Charles G. Finney and was influenced by Charles Stuart, a retired British army officer who urged Weld to enlist in the cause of black emancipation. While studying for the ministry at Oneida Institute he traveled...

• Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1862-1931, African-American civil-rights advocate and feminist, b. Holly Springs, Miss. Born a slave, she became a part owner of and reporter for the Memphis Free Speech (1889-94), and was famous for...

• Wheeler, Wayne Bidwell 1869-1927, American prohibitionist and lawyer, b. Brookfield, Ohio. After his graduation (1898) from Western Reserve law school, he became increasingly important in the Ohio Anti-Saloon League...

• White, Walter Francis 1893-1955, American civil-rights leader, b. Atlanta, Ga., grad. Atlanta Univ., 1916. From 1931 until his death he was secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and...

• Wilkins, Roy 1901-81, American social reformer and civil-rights leader, b. St. Louis, Mo.; grad. Univ. of Minnesota (B.A., 1923). While a student, Wilkins served as secretary of the local chapter of the...

• Willard, Frances Elizabeth 1839-98, American temperance leader and reformer, b. Churchville, N.Y., grad. Northwestern Female College, 1859. She was president of Evanston College for Ladies and dean of women at Northwestern...

• Wines, Enoch Cobb 1806-79, American clergyman and prison reformer, b. Hanover, N.J. After a varied career as a schoolmaster and preacher he became (1861) secretary of the Prison Association of New York and began his...

• Wollstonecraft, Mary 1759-97, English author and feminist, b. London. She was an early proponent of educational equality between men and women, expressing this radical opinion in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1786). Her most important book, A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), was the first great feminist document. She also wrote several novels. In Paris, where she lived with an American, Gilbert Imlay, during much of the French Revolution, she was close to many...

• Wright, Frances (Fanny