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Documents for "Political Science: Biographies":
  • Achenwall, Gottfried 1719-72, German statistician and political scientist. He used the term Statistik for the first time in his Staatsverfassung der heutigen vornehmsten europäischen Reiche und Völker im Grundrisse [the political constitution of the present principal European countries and peoples] (1749). By the term he meant a comprehensive description of the social, political, and economic features of a...
  • Arendt, Hannah 1906-75, German-American political theorist, b. Hanover, Germany, B.A. Königsberg, 1924, Ph.D. Heidelberg, 1928. She emigrated (1941) to the United States and was naturalized in 1950. Arendt was a...
  • Bakunin, Mikhail 1814-76, Russian revolutionary and leading exponent of anarchism. He came from an aristocratic family but entered upon revolutionary activities as a young man. He took part (1848-49) in the revolutions in France and Saxony and was sent back to Russia and exiled...
  • Bazard, Saint-Amand 1791-1832, French socialist. He founded (1818) a republican society, Les Amis de la vérité [Friends of Truth], and was a member of the Carbonari. Bazard plotted (1821-22) for the overthrow...
  • Bebel, August 1840-1913, German Socialist leader. A wood turner by trade, he became a Marxian Socialist under the influence of Wilhelm Liebknecht. At a congress at Eisenach (1869) he was instrumental in founding the German Social Democratic party, which he later represented in the Reichstag and which he led for many years. His antimilitarism...
  • Berlin, Sir Isaiah 1909-97, English political scientist, b. Riga, Latvia (then in Russia). His family moved to St. Petersburg when he was a boy and emigrated to London in 1921. He was educated at Oxford, where he...
  • Bernstein, Eduard 1850-1932, German socialist. From 1872 he was actively associated with the Social Democratic party. In 1878, antisocialist legislation sent him into exile. In 1898, he aroused controversy among...
  • Blanc, Louis 1811-82, French socialist politician and journalist and historian. In his noted Organisation du travail (1840, tr. Organization of Work, 1911), he outlined his ideal of a new social order based on the principle "Let each produce according to his aptitudes … let each consume according to his need." He advocated, as a first stage in the achievement of this goal, a system of national workshops ( ateliers sociaux ) controlled by workingmen with the support of the state. He attacked the Louis Philippe government in Histoire de dix ans (5 vol., 1841-44, tr. The History of Ten Years, 1830-1840, 1844-45). As a member of the provisional government of 1848 he insisted on the establishment of the social workshops, but the plan was sabotaged by other leaders of the government. Implicated in...
  • Bodin, Jean 1530?-1596, French social and political philosopher. He studied and taught at Toulouse and enjoyed a successful legal career. His most notable book, Six livres de la republique (1576, tr. Six Bookes of the Commonweale, 1606), ranks as a major work of political theory. During the last half of the 16th cent., France was experiencing severe disorders caused by religious disagreements between Roman Catholics and...
  • Burke, Edmund 1729-97, British political writer and statesman, b. Dublin, Ireland.
  • Cabet, Etienne 1788-1856, French utopian socialist. He was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1831, but his bitter attacks on the government resulted in his conviction for treason. He escaped prison by...
  • Carlile, Richard 1790-1843, English journalist, reformer, and freethinker. For his radical writings and efforts to secure the freedom of the press, he spent over nine years in prison. He republished suppressed...
  • Carr, Edward Hallett 1892-1982, English political scientist and historian. Educated at Cambridge, he was in the diplomatic service until 1936, professor of international relations (1936-47) at University College of...
  • Cartwright, John 1740-1824, English reformer and pamphleteer; brother of Edmund Cartwright. He had an early career in the navy. He declined to fight the American colonists and wrote American Independence: the Interest...
  • Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich 1828-89, Russian socialist reformer. He was the leading disciple of Vissarion Belinsky inside Russia; from 1853 to 1857 he wrote for the radical journal Contemporary, presenting and expanding the principles of Belinsky, who himself also wrote for the journal. Chernyshevsky advocated basic agrarian reform and emancipation of the serfs, and he envisioned the...
  • Considérant, Victor Prosper 1808-93, French socialist; follower of Charles Fourier. In 1837, at the death of Fourier, he became the acknowledged leader of Fourierism. He edited Fourierist newspapers, including the Philanstère and the Phalange, and published works on the subject, notably a digest of Fourier's writings, Destinée sociale (2d ed. 1847-49). As a member of the national assembly, he took part in the June Days insurrection (1848) and was forced to leave Paris and live in Belgium. At the request of Albert Brisbane, Considérant tried unsuccessfully to establish (1855-57) a Fourierist colony in Texas. His...
  • Constant, Benjamin (Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque) , 1767-1830, French-Swiss political writer and novelist, b. Lausanne. His affair (1794-1811) with Germaine de Staël turned him to political interests. He accompanied her to Paris in 1795 and served (1799-1801) as a tribune under the first consul, Napoleon. When Mme de Stäel was expelled (1802), however, he went...
  • Courier, Paul Louis (Paul Louis Courier de Méré) , 1772-1825, French political writer and classical scholar. His translation (1810) of the Greek text of Daphnis and Chloë is considered excellent. After the Bourbon restoration, which he opposed, he devoted himself to writing trenchant political pamphlets, the best known of which are Simple Discours (1821), for which he was jailed, and Le Pamphlet des pamphlets (1824), remarkable for its stylistic brilliance. His memoirs and letters (1828) have the same original charm that make his literary works memorable. He was murdered, presumably by one of his...
  • Coxe, Tench 1755-1824, American political economist, b. Philadelphia. He entered his father's mercantile business in 1776, but after 1790, when he became assistant to Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the...
  • Cuoco, Vincenzo 1770-1823, Italian political philosopher. A lawyer, he was exiled (1799) from Naples for his part in establishing the Parthenopean Republic. In the Napoleonic era he was counselor to Joseph Bonaparte and minister of finance under Joachim Murat. His Historical Essay on the Neapolitan Revolution of 1799 (1801) predicted Italy's gradual reunification; the views presented became central to the philosophy of the Risorgimento. He also wrote a study on the Italian Renaissance and one on ancient Greek...
  • De Leon, Daniel 1852-1914, American socialist leader. Born on the island of Curaçao of Spanish-American parents, he was educated in Germany and the Netherlands before going (1872) to New York City. There he...
  • Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes 1862-1932, English author. He was a pacifist during World War I, and he was later instrumental in the conception of the League of Nations. His political writings include The International Anarchy, 1904-1914...
  • Djilas, Milovan 1911-95, Yugoslav political leader and writer, b. Montenegro. A Communist party member from 1932, he helped Josip Broz Tito organize volunteers to fight in the Spanish civil war. He was active in the Yugoslav resistance in World War II and after the war rose to high posts in party and government. As a top political adviser to Tito and an outspoken critic of Russian...
  • Dumont, Pierre Étienne Louis 1759-1829, Swiss jurist and political writer. Dumont knew Mirabeau well and wrote many of his speeches. His Souvenirs sur Mirabeau (1832) is a valuable record of the times. An important work of Dumont...
  • Enfantin, Barthélemy Prosper 1796-1864, French socialist, sometimes called Père Enfantin. He became a leader of the movement started by the comte de Saint-Simon. Under his guidance the Saint-Simonian school put increasing emphasis upon religious and moral regeneration and less upon political reform. Following a schism developing out of Enfantin's...
  • Engels, Friedrich 1820-95, German socialist; with Karl Marx , one of the founders of modern Communism. The son of a wealthy Rhenish textile manufacturer, Engels went in 1842 to take a position in a factory near Manchester, England, in which his father had an...
  • Ferrari, Giuseppe 1812-76, Italian philosopher and politician. A thorough skeptic in metaphysics, he devoted himself to the more active aspects of social, political, and historical philosophy. From his self-imposed...
  • Ferrer Guardia, Francisco 1859-1909, Spanish political theorist and educator. An ardent liberal, anticlerical, and republican, he took refuge in France (1886), where he was further influenced by radical thought. He...
  • Filmer, Sir Robert d. 1653, English royalist political writer, author of Patriarcha; or, The Natural Power of Kings (pub. posthumously in 1680), a defense of the divine right of monarchs by an exposition of the patriarchal theory of the origin of government. He attacked Hobbes's contractual theory. Filmer's work...
  • Fourier, Charles 1772-1837, French social philosopher. From a bourgeois family, he condemned existing institutions and evolved a kind of utopian socialism. In Théorie des quatre mouvements (1808) and later works he developed his idea that the natural passions of man would, if properly channeled, result in social harmony. To achieve this goal, many of the artificial restraints of...
  • Gallup, George Horace 1901-84, American public opinion statistician, originator of the Gallup poll , b. Jefferson, Iowa. After teaching journalism at Drake Univ. (1929-31) and at Northwestern Univ. (1931-32), he founded the American Institute of Public Opinion (1935) and the Audience Research...
  • Gentz, Friedrich von 1764-1832, German conservative political theorist. Admirer of the English political system of checks and balances, Gentz was critical of the French Revolution. He translated (1793) Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France. He conducted a relentless polemical campaign against Napoleon I, advocating civic liberties and the rule of law against egalitarian autocracy and illegitimate imperialism. Prussian neutrality led...
  • Giannotti, Donato 1492-1573, Italian political theorist, b. Florence. He studied at Pisa and in 1527 became secretary of the supreme council of the Florentine republic. After the Medici returned to power (1530), he...
  • Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, comte de 1816-82, French diplomat and man of letters. The chief early French proponent of the theory of Nordic supremacy, he was antidemocratic and anti-Semitic. His major work was Essai sur l'inégalité...
  • Godkin, Edwin Lawrence 1831-1902, American editor, b. Moyne, Ireland, of English parentage. His idealism found expression in his History of Hungary and the Magyars (1853) and won him the job of correspondent (1853-55) to the London Daily News during the Crimean War. In 1856 he came to the United States and studied law. During the Civil War he traveled in the South, sending letters to the Daily News. In 1865, Godkin established the Nation on stockholders' money but shortly after was compelled to buy the paper to maintain it. In 1881 he became an editor of the New York Evening Post and in 1883 editor in chief, carrying the Nation, by then an influential critical weekly, with him as a weekly in connection with the Post. He was independent politically and attacked the carpetbag regime, corruption under President Grant, free silver, organized labor, and high tariffs. His self-assurance and integrity gave his opinion...
  • Goldman, Emma 1869-1940, American anarchist, b. Lithuania. She emigrated to Rochester, N.Y., in 1886 and worked there in clothing factories. After 1889 she was active in the anarchist movement, and her speeches...
  • Goodnow, Frank Johnson 1859-1939, American expert on government; grad. Amherst (B.A., 1879; M.A., 1887) and Columbia (LL.B., 1882). After study abroad, he taught administrative law at Columbia for 30 years, was an...
  • Goodrich, Leland Matthew 1899-1990, American political scientist, b. Lewiston, Maine, grad. Bowdoin College, 1920, and Harvard (M.A., 1921; Ph.D., 1925). He taught political science at Brown Univ. (1922-23, 1926-50) and...
  • Gronlund, Laurence 1846-99, American Socialist, b. Denmark, educated at the Univ. of Copenhagen. He emigrated to the United States in 1867 and became a lawyer in Chicago. His Cooperative Commonwealth (1884), the first...
  • Gumplowicz, Ludwig 1838-1909, Austrian sociologist, political scientist, and jurist. From 1897 to 1909 he was a professor at Graz. He held that social development rose out of conflict, first among races, then among...
  • Harrington, James 1611-77, English political writer. His Commonwealth of Oceana (1656) pictured a utopian society in which political authority rested entirely with the landed gentry. Harrington advocated definite agrarian reforms, however, in order to achieve a greater...
  • Haushofer, Karl 1869-1946, German geographer, theorist of Nazi geopolitics , including the doctrines that the state is a living organism and that race and territory are linked. After a successful military career he became (1921) professor of geography at Munich. Among his...
  • Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich 1812-70, Russian revolutionary leader and writer. A member of the aristocracy, he was appalled at the brutality of his class, the lack of freedom at all levels of Russian society, and the terrible...
  • Herzl, Theodor 1860-1904, Hungarian Jew, founder of modern Zionism. Sent to Paris as a correspondent for the Vienna Neue Frei Presse, he reported on the Dreyfus affair. Appalled by the vicious anti-Semitism he observed, he decided that Jewish assimilation in Europe was impossible and that the only solution to the Jewish problem...
  • Hess, Moses 1812-75, German socialist. He was responsible for converting Engels to Communism, and he early introduced Marx to social and economic problems. Hess played a prominent role in transforming Hegelian...
  • Hyndman, Henry Mayers 1842-1921, English Socialist, an early advocate of Marxism in England. He was a journalist by profession. In 1881 he founded the parent organization of the Social Democratic Federation, which in...
  • Jaurès, Jean 1859-1914, French Socialist leader and historian. A brilliant student and teacher, he entered the chamber of deputies in 1885 and subsequently became a Socialist. In his Socialist journals, notably Humanité, he denounced nationalism and upheld socialism and world peace. Jaurès saw socialism as the economic equivalent of political democracy; he believed that economic equality would come as the result of...
  • Kautsky, Karl Johann 1854-1938, German-Austrian socialist, b. Prague. A leading figure in the effort to spread Marxist doctrine in Germany, he was the principal deviser of the Erfurt Program, which set the German...
  • Kidd, Benjamin 1858-1916, English social philosopher. His most noted work, Social Evolution (1894), sets forth his doctrine of the constant strife between individual and public interest.
  • Kropotkin, Piotr Alekseyevich, Prince 1842-1921, Russian geographer and anarchist. He came from a wealthy princely family and as a boy was a page to the czar. Repelled by court life, he obtained permission to serve as an army officer...
  • Lafargue, Paul 1842-1911, French socialist, b. Cuba; son-in-law of Karl Marx. With Jules Guesde he helped found a Marxist socialist party in France. His many writings, which were influential in other countries,...
  • Laidler, Harry Wellington 1884-1970, American economist and Socialist leader, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., grad. Wesleyan Univ., 1907, Brooklyn Law School, 1910, Ph.D. Columbia, 1914. A founder (1905) and secretary (1910-21) of the...
  • Laski, Harold Joseph 1893-1950, British political scientist, economist, author, and lecturer. A graduate of New College, Oxford, he taught at McGill Univ. (1914-16) and Harvard (1916-20). In 1920 he joined the faculty...
  • Lassalle, Ferdinand 1825-64, German socialist. The son of a Jewish merchant, he studied at the universities of Breslau and Berlin, where he became a philosophical Hegelian. He gained wide recognition as an attorney...
  • Lieber, Francis 1798-1872, German-American political philosopher, b. Berlin. Ardently patriotic, he enlisted in the Prussian army and fought and was wounded at the battle of Waterloo. On his return to Germany he...
  • Machiavelli, Niccolò 1469-1527, Italian author and statesman, one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance, b. Florence.
  • Mackinder, Sir Halford John 1861-1947, English geopolitician. Educated at Oxford (1887-1905), he led in the revival of British geographical learning. He established geography as an academic subject, teaching at the...
  • Marcuse, Herbert 1898-1979, U.S. political philosopher, b. Berlin. He was educated at the Univ. of Freiburg and with Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer founded the Frankfurt Institute of Social Research. A special...
  • Marsilius of Padua d. c.1342, Italian political philosopher. He is satirically called Marsiglio. Little is known with certainty of his life except that he was rector of the Univ. of Paris c.1312. When Holy Roman...
  • Marx, Karl 1818-83, German social philosopher, the chief theorist of modern socialism and communism.
  • McBain, Howard Lee 1880-1936, American political scientist, b. Toronto, Ont., grad. Richmond (Va.) College, 1900, Ph.D. Columbia, 1907. After teaching at George Washington and Wisconsin universities, he became, in...
  • Moley, Raymond Charles 1886-1975, American political economist, b. Berea, Ohio, grad. Baldwin-Wallace College, 1906, Ph.D. Columbia, 1918. He taught at Western Reserve Univ. (1916-19) and at Columbia after 1923,...
  • Most, Johann Joseph 1846-1906, German anarchist. A bookbinder by trade, he served as editor of socialist papers in Germany and Austria. His publications were suppressed, and he was frequently imprisoned for his...
  • Paine, Thomas 1737-1809, Anglo-American political theorist and writer, b. Thetford, Norfolk, England. The son of a working-class Quaker, he became an excise officer and was dismissed from the service after...
  • Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich 1857-1918, Russian revolutionary and social philosopher. He was a leader in introducing Marxist theory to Russia and is often called the "Father of Russian Marxism." As a youth he joined the Populist organization Land and Freedom (see narodniki ), but he broke (1879) with it because of his opposition to political terror. He left Russia in 1880 as a political refugee and spent most of his exile in Geneva, Switzerland. Turning to Marxist...
  • Price, Richard 1723-91, English nonconformist minister and philosopher. His philosophical importance rests on his ethical discussion, Review of the Principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals (1757), in which Price stresses the power of reason in making moral judgments, a position closely allied to that of Kant. He achieved fame with his sponsorship of the American colonists' cause in a...
  • Proudhon, Pierre Joseph 1809-65, French social theorist. Of a poor family, Proudhon won an education through scholarships. Much of his later life was spent in poverty. He achieved prominence through his pamphlet What Is Property? (1840, tr. 1876), in which he condemned the abuses of private property and embraced anarchism. He also edited radical journals. After the Revolution of 1848, he was elected a member of the...
  • Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich 1749-1802, Russian writer and liberal. Of a noble family, he studied in Leipzig and there came under the influence of French Enlightenment thinkers. His most important work is A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which he issued from his own press in 1790 (tr. 1858). Although in form it is modeled on Laurence Sterne's Sentimental Journey, in content it is an outspoken attack on serfdom and a plea for peasant emancipation and ownership of the land. Catherine II was enraged and exiled Radishchev to Siberia. All of his books were...
  • Rathenau, Walther 1867-1922, German industrialist, social theorist, and statesman. Son of Emil Rathenau (1838-1915), founder of the German public utilities company Allgemeine Elektrizitätsgesellschaft (A.E.G.), Rathenau succeeded to the presidency of this corporation on his father's death. He directed the distribution of raw materials in World War I and became minister of reconstruction (1921)...
  • Rogers, Lindsay 1891-1970, American political scientist, b. Baltimore, grad. Johns Hopkins (B.A., 1912; Ph.D., 1915). He was (1914-15) a fellow in political science at Johns Hopkins before becoming (1915)...
  • Saavedra y Fajardo, Diego de 1584-1648, Spanish writer and diplomat in the reign of Philip IV. His chief works are Empresas políticas [political maxims] (1640), a political treatise widely translated and read in the 17th...
  • Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé de 1658-1743, French social philosopher. An advocate of natural religion and toleration, he favored the economic theories of the physiocrats. His ideas combined utilitarian and philanthropic motives; he felt that the state should institute an equitable tax system, including a graduated income tax, and that the services of the state...
  • Sorel, Georges 1847-1922, French social philosopher. An engineer before he devoted himself to writing, Sorel found in the political and social life of bourgeois democracy the triumph of mediocrity and espoused...
  • Spence, Thomas 1750-1814, English agrarian socialist. A forerunner of the single taxers (see single tax ), he devised a scheme by which the parishes would assume ownership of the land and rent paid to the parish corporation would be the sole tax. He devoted much of his life to agitating for these...
  • Stepniak, S. 1852-95, Russian revolutionary and writer, whose real name was Sergei Mikhailovich Kravchinski. He fled Russia in 1878 after taking part in the assassination of the czarist chief of police. His...
  • Taylor, John 1753-1824, American political philosopher. Known as John Taylor of Caroline, he was born in Virginia, probably in Caroline co., where he later lived at "Hazlewood." Orphaned at 10, he was adopted by his maternal uncle, Edmund Pendleton, who sent him to the College of William and Mary and under whom he studied law. Taylor fought in the American Revolution,...
  • Tocqueville, Alexis de 1805-59, French politician and writer. He was prominent in politics, particularly just before and just after the Revolution of 1848 (see revolutions of 1848 ), and was minister of foreign affairs briefly in 1849. His observations made in 1831 during a government mission to the United States to study the penal system resulted in De la démocratie en Amérique (2 vol., 1835; tr. Democracy in America, 4 vol., 1835-40), one of the classics of political literature. A liberal whose deepest commitment was to human freedom, Tocqueville believed that political democracy and social equality would,...
  • Troelstra, Pieter Jelles 1860-1930, Dutch Socialist. In 1893 he founded what later became the Sociaaldemocrata, the official Socialist paper, and in 1900 he assumed editorship of his party's daily, the Volk. Opposing the ultraradical wing of the Socialists, Troelstra organized the Dutch Social Democratic Labor party in 1894 and represented it in parliament from 1897 to 1900. He wrote several books on...
  • Wallas, Graham 1858-1932, English political scientist and psychologist. He joined (1886) the Fabian Society and was the author of one of the Fabian Essays. In 1914, Wallas became professor of political science at the Univ. of London. In his lectures and writings he studied the psychological factors in politics and advocated government by specially...