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Documents for "South American Indigenous Peoples":

• Araucanians South American people, occupying most of S central Chile at the time of the Spanish conquest (1540). The Araucanians were an agricultural people living in small settlements. They are classified...

• Aymara Native South Americans inhabiting the Lake Titicaca basin in Peru and Bolivia. The originators of the great culture represented by the ruins of Tiahuanaco were very likely Aymara speakers. Although subjugated by the Inca in the 15th cent. after a long struggle, the Aymara continue to dominate the region, with a population of over 2 million in the mid-1990s. The Aymara languages make up a separate unit; they are...

• Chan Chan ruins of an ancient city near Trujillo, N Peru. An early example of city planning , with a rectangular grid structure, it was probably begun in the period from AD 950 to 1400, and it is estimated that it may have contained as many as 200,000 people. Chan Chan is generally...

• Chimu ancient civilization on the desert coast of N Peru. It is believed to have begun c.1200. The Mochica , an earlier civilization, was previously known as early Chimu or proto-Chimu. After the decline of the Mochica (c.800), there was a long transition period about which relatively little is known...

• Cuismancu see Chancay.

• Guaraní indigenous group living in the eastern lowland area of South America, related to the Tupí of the Rio São Francisco and the Tupinambá on the Atlantic coast. The Guaraní language is currently spoken by over 4 million people in Paraguay and in adjacent portions of Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia. At the time of the Spanish conquest...

• Inca pre-Columbian empire, W South America. The name Inca may specifically refer to the emperor, but is generally used to mean the empire or the people.

• Jívaro linguistic stock of Native South Americans in Ecuador. The peoples, N of the Marañón River and E of the Andes, engage in farming, hunting, fishing, and weaving. They have a patrilineal society,...

• Maya indigenous people of S Mexico and Central America, occupying an area comprising the Yucatán peninsula and much of the present state of Chiapas, Mexico; Guatemala and Belize; parts of El Salvador...

• mestizo [Span.,=mixture], person of mixed race; particularly, in Mexico and Central and South America, a person of European (Spanish or Portuguese) and indigenous descent. The mestizos constitute a large...

• Mochica ancient Native American civilization on the coast of N Peru. Previously called Early Chimu (see Chimu ), the Mochica were warriors with a highly developed social and political organization. They built temples, pyramids, and aqueducts of adobe brick, were skilled in irrigation, and produced...

• Nasca see Nazca.

• Natives, South American aboriginal peoples of South America. In the land mass extending from the Isthmus of Panama to Tierra del Fuego, Native American civilizations developed long before the coming of the European. It is...

• Nazca or Nasca , ancient culture of the Nazca, Pisco, and Ica river valleys on the desert coast of S Peru. Flourishing during the first millennium AD, the Nazca culture seems to have developed out of the Paracas culture, and after 900 it was apparently under Tiahuanaco influence until the Inca conquered the region in the 15th cent. The Nazca excelled in the production of beautiful ceramics and textiles. Highly polished, expertly designed, and with polychrome...

• Paracas Native American culture of ancient Peru. Named after the Paracas peninsula on the south coast, where their remains were first found, the Paracas produced resin-painted pottery and textiles, but...

• Puelche name for various hunting groups of nomadic Native Americans who roamed the Argentine Pampa, hunting guanaco and rhea. Little is known of the Puelche prior to the 18th cent. Accomplished horsemen...

• quipus or khipus , groups of strings, knotted for tally, which were used by the Inca for keeping records and sending messages. The quipu was based on the decimal system. Small cords with knots in them were attached...

• Sacsahuamán stronghold of the Incas outside Cuzco, Peru. Built in the 15th cent., Sacsahuamán is an imposing terraced fortress more than one third of a mile long; it is a masterpiece of stone construction...

• Tiahuanaco ancient native ruin, W Bolivia, 34 mi (55 km) S of Lake Titicaca , near the Peruvian border. Nearly 13,000 ft (3,962 m) above sea level, Tiahuanaco was probably the center of a pre-Inca empire and is believed by some to have been built by the Aymara. Much of the construction is unfinished. Building was begun at some time before AD 500, and there is evidence of additional construction (c.1100-1300). About 1000, Tiahuanaco culture spread to E...

• Tupinambá a people living in the eastern lowland area of South America, related to the Tupí of the Rio São Francisco and the Guaraní of Paraguay and adjacent portions of Brazil and Argentina. Although the name originally applied to only one out of a number of culturally related native groups, it has been used more inclusively in...