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Documents for "Space Exploration":
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astronaut
crew member on a U.S. manned spaceflight mission; the Soviet term is cosmonaut. Candidates for manned spaceflight are carefully screened to meet the highest physical and mental standards, and they undergo rigorous training. The early astronauts had all previously been test...
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Challenger
U.S. space shuttle. It exploded (Jan. 28, 1986) 73 seconds into its tenth flight, killing all seven crew members, including the first civilian in space, schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe. The...
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communications satellite
artificial satellite that functions as part of a global radio-communications network. Echo 1, the first communications satellite, launched in 1960, was an instrumented inflatable sphere that passively reflected radio signals back to earth. Later satellites carried with them electronic...
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Communications Satellite Corporation
(Comsat), organization incorporated (1962) by an act of Congress to establish a commercial system of international communications using artificial satellites. Although government sponsored, it was...
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Comsat
see Communications Satellite Corporation ; communications satellite.
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European Space Agency
(ESA), multinational agency dedicated to the promotion, for exclusively peaceful purposes, of cooperation among European states in space research and technology. Member states include Austria,...
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Inmarsat
see Communications Satellite Corporation ; communications satellite.
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Intelsat
see Communications Satellite Corporation ; communications satellite.
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Mir
Soviet and Russian space station: see space exploration ; space station.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), civilian agency of the U.S. federal government with the mission of conducting research and developing operational programs in the areas of space exploration , artificial satellites (see satellite, artificial ), rocketry, and space telescopes (see Hubble Space Telescope ) and observatories. It is also responsible for international cooperation in space matters. NASA came into existence on Oct. 1, 1958, superseding the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics...
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navigation satellite
artificial satellite designed expressly to aid the navigation of sea and air traffic. Early navigation satellites, from the Transit series launched in 1960 to the U.S. navy's Navigation Satellite System, relied on the...
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reconnaissance satellite
artificial satellite launched by a country to provide intelligence information on the military activities of foreign countries. There are four major types. Early-warning satellites detect enemy missile launchings. Nuclear-explosion detection satellites are designed to detect and identify nuclear explosions in space. Photo-surveillance satellites provide photographs of enemy military activities, e.g., the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). There are two subtypes: close-look satellites provide high-resolution...
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rocket
any vehicle propelled by ejection of the gases produced by combustion of self-contained propellants. Rockets are used in fireworks, as military weapons, and in scientific applications such as space...
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Salyut
see space exploration ; space station.
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SETI
[ S earch for E xtra T errestrial I ntelligence], name given to a series of independent programs to detect radio signals from civilizations beyond the solar system. Modern SETI efforts can be dated from 1959 when Cornell Univ...
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Skylab
see space exploration ; space station.
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space exploration
the investigation of physical conditions in space and on stars, planets, and their moons through the use of artificial satellites (spacecraft that orbit the earth), space probes (spacecraft that...
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space probe
space vehicle carrying sophisticated instrumentation but no crew, designed to explore various aspects of the solar system (see space exploration ). Unlike an artificial satellite , which is placed in more or less permanent orbit around the earth, a space probe is launched with enough energy to escape the gravitational field of the earth and navigate among the planets...
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space science
body of scientific knowledge as it relates to space exploration ; it is sometimes also called astronautics. Space science draws on the conventional sciences of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering, as well as requiring specific research of its own. The...
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space shuttle
reusable U.S. space vehicle. Developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), it consists of a winged orbiter, two solid-rocket boosters, and an external tank. As with...
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space station
or space platform, artificial earth satellite, usually manned, that is placed in a fixed orbit and can serve as a base for astronomical observations; zero-gravity materials processing; satellite assembly, refueling,...
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Sputnik
see satellite, artificial ; space exploration.
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Syncom
see communications satellite.
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Telstar
see communications satellite.
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Voyager
in space exploration: see space exploration ; space probe.
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weightlessness
the absence of any observable effects of gravitation. This condition is experienced by an observer when he and his immediate surroundings are allowed to move freely in the local gravitational field. All bodies in the weightless environment experience the same acceleration. The more massive bodies (see mass ) in the surroundings experience a stronger gravitational force, but they also have more inertia , or resistance to acceleration. As seen by a stationary outside observer, they appear to move together without any constraint. To the observer being accelerated, objects appear to float freely in...
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