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Documents for "Veterinary Medicine":

• American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (A.S.P.C.A.), chartered in 1866 in New York by Henry Bergh to shelter homeless animals, to assist farmers in caring for their livestock, and to cooperate with law enforcement agencies in the...

• anaplasmosis infectious blood disease in cattle, sheep, and goats, caused by a rickettsia of the genus Anaplasma. The organism parasitizes red blood cells, causing their destruction and producing emaciation, anemia, jaundice, and, occasionally, death. The disease is present in the warmer regions of the world...

• artificial insemination technique involving the artificial injection of sperm-containing semen from a male into a female to cause pregnancy. Artificial insemination is often used in animals to multiply the possible...

• avian flu see influenza.

• avian influenza see influenza.

• Bang's disease see brucellosis.

• bird flu see influenza.

• black quarter see blackleg.

• blackleg or black quarter, acute infectious disease of cattle, less often of sheep, caused by an organism of the genus Clostridium. It is characterized by inflammation of muscles with swelling and pain in the affected areas. Toxins formed by the organism produce severe muscle damage, and mortality is high. Animals between the...

• bloat excessive accumulation of gases in the rumen, the first stomach of a cud-chewing animal. Bloat is probably formed to a large extent by bacterial action. It occurs in all ruminants, but is most...

• castration removal of the sex glands of an animal, i.e., testes in the male, or ovaries and often the uterus in the female. Castration of the female animal is commonly referred to as spaying. Castration...

• cattle plague see rinderpest.

• cowpox infectious disease of cows caused by a virus related to the virus of smallpox. Also called variola, it is characterized by pustular lesions on the teats and udder. Cowpox is transmitted by contact,...

• distemper in veterinary medicine, highly contagious, catarrhal, often fatal disease of dogs. It also affects wolves, foxes, mink, raccoons, and ferrets. Distemper is caused by a filtrable virus that is...

• equine encephalitis infectious disease of horses caused by any of several viruses, four of which—the Eastern, Western, Venezuelan, and St. Louis viruses—can also infect humans. The viruses, which begin their life...

• farcy see glanders.

• foot-and-mouth disease highly contagious disease almost exclusive to cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and other cloven-hoofed animals. It is caused by a virus that was identified in 1897. Among its symptoms are fever, loss...

• founder see laminitis.

• glanders highly contagious disease of horses, mules, and donkeys, caused by the bacterium Actinobacillus mallei. Although it can be transmitted to humans, it is limited almost exclusively to handlers of equine animals. The disease causes death in infected animals or humans. Glanders has been virtually...

• heaves chronic pulmonary emphysema in horses. Heaves is characterized by the disruption of normal lung tissue with resultant loss of the lung's elastic recoil. A forced expiratory effort is needed to...

• hog cholera acute, highly infectious viral disease of swine, also called swine fever. It is perhaps the most serious disease of swine in North America. It is characterized by dullness and listlessness, loss of...

• hoof-and-mouth disease see foot-and-mouth disease.

• infectious canine hepatitis acute viral disease of canines, especially dogs and foxes. The causative agent, an adenovirus, is not infectious to humans. In foxes the disease is manifested primarily as encephalitis...

• laminitis also called founder, inflammation of the lamina, the innermost layer of the hoof wall in horses, ponies, and donkeys. Although the condition usually affects only the front feet, it may involve all...

• leptospirosis febrile disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospirae. The disease occurs in dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and horses and is transmissible to humans. It is most common where the climate is warm and humid, soils are alkaline, and there is abundant...

• lumpy jaw infectious disease of cattle and swine caused by the bacterium Actinomyces bovis. It is characterized by an infection of the bone of the head, particularly the mandible and the maxilla, with abscesses forming near the lower jaw bones. Its scientific name is actinomycosis...

• mad cow disease see prion.

• mange contagious skin disease of domestic and wild animals. The several types of mange, including follicular and sarcoptic mange, are caused by various minute parasitic mites that burrow into skin, hair...

• mastitis, bovine bacterial inflammation of the udder in dairy cattle. It is spread during the process of milking, either by machine or by hand, and by flies. The symptoms include inflammation of the udder and...

• Newcastle disease pneumoencephalitis, acute viral disease of domestic poultry. Newcastle disease is characterized by sneezing, coughing, and nervous behavior. Affected birds may show tremors, circling, falling,...

• rinderpest or cattle plague, an acute and highly infectious viral disease of cattle, primarily in N Africa, SE Asia, and India. It less frequently affects other ruminants, such as sheep, goats, and wild game. After an...

• ringbone bony outgrowth on the front and sides of the pastern bones of a horse's foot, resulting from inflammation or faulty conformation of the bones. The outgrowths increase with sprains and other...

• spavin disease of horses affecting the hock joint. There are two types—bog spavin, in which the hock joint is distended as a result of the collection of synovial fluid; and bone spavin, the bony...

• spaying see castration.

• swine fever see hog cholera.

• veterinary medicine diagnosis and treatment of diseases of animals. An early interest in animal diseases is found in ancient Greek writings on medicine. Veterinary medicine began to achieve the stature of a science...