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Documents for "Old Testament":
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Aggeus
Vulgate form of Haggai.
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Amos
prophetic book of the Bible. The majority of its oracles are chronologically earlier than those of the Bible's other prophetic books. His activity is dated c.760 BC The prophet was a shepherd of...
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Canticles
another name for the Song of Solomon.
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Chronicles
two books of the Bible, originally a single work in the Hebrew canon (the final book of that canon), called First and Second Chronicles in the Authorized Version, and called First and Second...
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Daniel
book of the Bible. It combines "court" tales, perhaps originating from the 6th cent. BC, and a series of apocalyptic visions arising from the time of the Maccabean emergency (167-164 BC), which clearly presuppose the history of...
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Deuteronomy
book of the Bible, literally meaning "second law," last of the five books (the Pentateuch or Torah) ascribed by tradition to Moses. Deuteronomy purports to be the final words of Moses to the people of Israel on the eve of their crossing the Jordan...
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Ecclesiastes
book of the Bible, the name of which is a latinized derivation of the Hebrew Qohelet [the Preacher]. Although traditionally ascribed to Solomon (who is identified as the author in the text), it was clearly written much later (c.300 BC). Like Job, the book takes issue, it would...
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Esther
book of the Bible. It is the tale of the beautiful Jewish woman Esther [Heb.,= Hadassah], who is chosen as queen by the Persian King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I or II) after he has repudiated his previous...
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Exodus
book of the Bible, 2d of the 5 books of the Law (the Pentateuch or Torah) ascribed by tradition to Moses. The book continues the story of the ancestors of Israel in Egypt, now grown in number to a...
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Ezekiel
prophetic book of the Bible. The book is a collection of oracles emanating from the career of the priest Ezekiel, who preached to Jews of the Babylonian captivity from 593 BC to 563 BC (according...
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Ezra
book of the Bible, combined with Nehemiah in the Septuagint to form the book 2 Esdras. In the Vulgate , Ezra and Nehemiah are called 1 and 2 Esdras respectively. Ezra, like Nehemiah, is the work of the Chronicler (see Chronicles ) and narrates the history of the Jews from 538 BC to c.458 BC as follows: the decree of the Persian king Cyrus permitting the Jews to return to Palestine from captivity under the leadership of Sheshbazzar ; the return of Zerubbabel with a certain number to Jerusalem in c.520 BC where they complete the task of rebuilding the Temple despite opposition; and the return of Ezra, priest and scribe, to...
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Genesis
1st book of the Bible, first of the five books of the Law (the Pentateuch or Torah) ascribed by tradition to Moses. Beginning with two accounts of the creation and of humankind, the narrative...
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Habakkuk
prophetic book of the Bible. It is a collection of oracles, perhaps three in number, delivered against the backdrop of the Babylonian threat to Judah in c.600 BC The first—a dialogue between the...
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Haggai
prophetic book of the Bible. Dated 520 BC, it is a collection of five oracles addressed to Jews, newly returned from the Babylonian exile. The prophet summons the people to renew work on the...
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Hosea
prophetic book of the Bible. It relates something of the career of the prophet Hosea who preached against the sins of the northern kingdom of Israel in the third quarter of the 8th cent. BC The...
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Isaiah
prophetic book of the Bible. It is a collection of prophecies from a 300-year period attributed to Isaiah, who may have been a priest. Some scholars argue that a long-lived "school" of Isaiah preserved his oracles and supplemented them in succeeding centuries. He received his call to prophesy in the year of King Uzziah's death (c.742 BC) and preached during the reigns of...
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Jeremiah
a book of the Bible, comprising a collection of prophetic oracles attributed to Jeremiah, a prophet who preached (c.628-586 BC) in Jerusalem under King Josiah and his successors. His message...
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Job
book of the Bible. The book is of unknown authorship and date, although many scholars assign it to a time between 600 BC and 400 BC A lament in narrative form, the subject is the problem of good...
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Joel
prophetic book of the Bible. It is a collection of the oracles of an otherwise unknown prophet, dated variously from the 9th to the 3d cent. BC, though a date in c.400 BC is likely. A locust plague...
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Jonah
prophetic book of the Bible. It tells the story of a prophet called by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh. According to the Second Book of Kings, Jonah lived during the reign (c.786...
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Joshua
book of the Bible. It is the first book of the Deuteronomic history (Joshua-2 Kings), in which the theological outlook of the Book of Deuteronomy is used to explain the fate of Israel. As it...
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Judges
book of the Bible, seventh book of the Old Testament in the order of the Authorized Version. It is the sequel of Joshua in the biblical history, telling of the Hebrews in the Promised Land from Joshua's death up to the time of Samuel. As stated in its introduction, the book is an account of Israel's successive apostasies from God and their consequences—first, punishment at the hands of a foreign nation, then delivery from it by...
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Kings
books of the Bible, originally a single work in the Hebrew canon. They are called First and Second Kings in modern Bibles, and Third and Fourth Kingdoms in the Greek versions, where the books of...
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Lamentations
book of the Bible, placed immediately after Jeremiah, to whose author it has been ascribed since ancient times. It was probably composed by several authors. It is a series of five poems mourning...
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Leviticus
book of the Bible, 3d of the five books of the Law (the Pentateuch or Torah) ascribed by tradition to Moses. It is in essence a collection of liturgical legislation with special reference to...
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Malachi
book of the Bible, the last book in the order of the Authorized Version and 12th of the books of the Minor Prophets. Its title Malachi is taken from the opening verse of chapter 3 and means "my messenger." On internal evidence the book, a collection of prophetic oracles, is usually dated c.460 BC, shortly before the reforms of Nehemiah and Ezra. After a protestation of God's love for Israel, the...
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Micah
6th of the books of the Minor Prophets of the Bible, containing the oracles of the prophet Micah, a contemporary of Isaiah whose career spanned the period c.750-c.700 BC The prophecy can be...
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Miserere
in the Bible, the 51st (or 50th) Psalm, beginning "Miserere mei, Deus (Have mercy upon me, O God)." It is one of the penitential Psalms. Noteworthy musical settings are those of Josquin des Prés...
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Nahum
7th of the books of the Minor Prophets of the Bible. It contains oracles of doom against Nineveh, capital of the Assyrian Empire, delivered by one Nahum of Elkosh, who is otherwise unknown. The...
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Nehemiah
originally combined with Ezra to form a single book in the Hebrew canon. In the Septuagint , Ezra and Nehemiah are combined as Second Esdras. The book narrates the return to Jerusalem of Nehemiah, the cup-bearer of Persian King Artaxerxes I, as governor of the city-state. In the first period of Nehemiah's governorship (445-433 BC) as...
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Numbers
book of the Bible, fourth of the five books of the Law (the Pentateuch or Torah) ascribed by tradition to Moses. Numbers begins at Sinai and ends in Moab on the eve of the Hebrews' entry into...
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Obadiah
short prophetic book of the Bible. The prophet is otherwise unknown. The oracle which comprises this book dates from after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC The prophecy...
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Old Testament
Christian name for the Hebrew Bible, which serves as the first division of the Christian Bible (see New Testament ). The designations "Old" and "New" seem to have been adopted after c.AD 200...
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Pentateuch
[Gr.,=five books], first five books of the Old Testament. In the Hebrew Bible these books are called the Torah.
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Proverbs
book of the Bible. It is a collection of sayings, many of them moral maxims, in no special order. The teaching is of a practical nature; it does not dwell on the salvation-historical traditions of...
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Psalms
or Psalter , book of the Bible, a collection of 150 hymnic pieces. Since the last centuries BC, this book has been the chief hymnal of Jews, and subsequently, of Christians. The hymns are of varying date and...
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Ruth
book of the Bible. It tells a story, set in the days of the judges, of the fidelity of a Moabite widow (Ruth) to her widowed mother-in-law (Naomi). After the death of her husband in Moab, Ruth...
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Samuel
two books of the Bible, originally a single work, called First and Second Samuel in modern Bibles, and First and Second Kingdoms in the Septuagint. They are considered part of "Deuteronomistic history," in which the book of Deuteronomy functions as the interpretive key for understanding Hebrew history. The books cover the careers of Samuel, Saul, and David (roughly the 11th cent. BC), as follows: first, Samuel's career and...
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Song of Solomon
Song of Songs, or Canticles, book of the Bible, 22d in the order of the Authorized Version. Although traditionally ascribed to King Solomon, many scholars date it as late as the 3d cent. BC It is in form a collection of love...
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Zacharias
[Gr. from Heb. Zechariah ] or Zachary [Eng. from Heb.]. 1 Priest to whom an angel appeared and foretold the birth of his son, John the Baptist. Luke 1.5-80. He and Elizabeth, his wife, are saints...
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Zechariah
prophetic book of the Bible, which dates from 520 BC-518 BC at Jerusalem. The prophet was associated with Haggai in a movement to restore the Temple. The book, after an introduction, proceeds with...
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Zephaniah
prophetic book of the Bible. The prophet, who lived in the reign (c.640-609 BC) of King Josiah of Judah, traces his genealogy to King Hezekiah. Zephaniah denounces Judah for idolatry, luxury, and for presuming on God's protection. The Day of the Lord, the prophet announces, will bring doom on Judah's people and on the nations. However,...
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