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Documents for "Bible: General":
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Agrapha of Jesus
[gr.,=unwritten], sayings attributed to Jesus not found in the canonical Gospels, but found elsewhere in the New Testament, the Apocryphal Gospels, the early Fathers, and the Qur'an.
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apocalypse
[Gr.,=uncovering], genre represented in early Jewish and in Christian literature in which the secrets of the heavenly world or of the world to come are revealed by angelic mediation within a...
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Beatitudes
[Lat.,=blessing], in the Gospel of St. Matthew, eight blessings uttered by Jesus at the opening of the Sermon on the Mount. Some, counting verses differently, say there are nine. In a parallel...
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Bible
[Gr.,=the books], term used since the 4th cent. to denote the Christian Scriptures and later, by extension, those of various religious traditions. This article discusses the nature of religious...
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De profundis
[Lat.,=from the depths], the opening words of Psalm 130, one of the penitential Psalms , in Jerome's Latin version (see Vulgate ); also used as a title for the Psalm.
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Dead Sea Scrolls
ancient leather and papyrus scrolls first discovered in 1947 in caves on the NW shore of the Dead Sea. Most of the documents were written or copied between the 1st cent. BC and the first half of...
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golden calf
in the Bible, an idol erected by the Israelites on several occasions. Aaron made one while Moses was on Mt. Sinai. Jeroboam I made two, and Hosea denounced a calf in Samaria. A bull cult was...
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hallel
[Heb.,=praise], in Judaism, Psalms 113 to 118, sung every morning of Hanukkah, at the Passover service, and at the morning service of most major Jewish holidays as an expression of joy and...
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Hexapla
[Gr.,=sixfold], polyglot edition of the Hebrew Bible prepared by Origen (c.185-c.255). It was mainly in six columns—a Hebrew text (probably the Masoretic), a Greek transliteration of it, and four Greek versions (those of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, and a revised...
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Jashar, Book of
lost Hebrew work, apparently a collection of songs celebrating national events. Fragments appear in the books of Joshua and Second Samuel.
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Nunc dimittis
[Lat.,=now you are dismissing], the opening words of Simeon's song of praise on the occasion of the presentation of the infant Jesus in the Temple. After seeing Jesus, Simeon joyfully proclaims...
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Polyglot Bible
Bible in which different texts, often in different languages, are laid out in parallel columns. Polyglot Bibles serve as tools for textual criticism. Origen's Hexapla was the most famous ancient example. More recent Polyglot Bibles include the Complutensian Polyglot, which contained the first printed Greek New Testament (prepared at Alcalá, Spain, 1514-17); the...
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Septuagint
[Lat.,=70], oldest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made by Hellenistic Jews, possibly from Alexandria, c.250 BC Legend, according to the fictional letter of Aristeas, records that it...
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Targum
[Aramaic,=translation], Aramaic paraphrase of the Hebrew Bible. When Aramaic replaced the Hebrew tongue among the Jews of Palestine and Babylon, interpreters were called to translate and explain...
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Ten Commandments
or Decalogue [Gr.,=ten words], in the Bible, the summary of divine law given by God to Moses on Mt. Sinai. They have a paramount place in the ethical system in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Listed in the...
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testament
see New Testament ; Old Testament ; will.
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Thomas, Gospel of
a collection of sayings, composed originally in Greek, attributed to the "living" (i.e., resurrected) Jesus. Some of the sayings were previously known from papyri discovered at Oxyrhynchus and published in the late 19th cent. The sayings are similar to those of Jesus in the...
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Vulgate
[Lat. Vulgata editio =common edition], most ancient extant version of the whole Christian Bible. Its name derives from a 13th-century reference to it as the "editio vulgata." The official Latin version of the Roman Catholic Church, it was prepared c.AD 383-AD 405 by St. Jerome (c.342-420) at the request of Pope St. Damasus I , his patron. The Vulgate was intended to replace the Old Latin version (the "Itala" ), which was translated from the Greek. Jerome first revised the Old Latin Gospels, translating them in 383-84. Using the Septuagint and Origen's Hexapla , he set to work (385-89) on Job, the Psalms, Chronicles, the books attributed to Solomon, and chapters 40-55 of Isaiah. From 390-405, Jerome used the Hebrew Masoretic text, with the aid of several...
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