Categories:
-
Earth and the Environment
-
Atmosphere and Weather
-
Biographies
-
Ecology and Environmentalism
-
Geography
-
Geology and Oceanography
-
Minerals, Mining, and Metallurgy
-
History
-
Ancient Greece and Rome
-
Asia and Africa
-
Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific
-
Biographies
-
Historians and Chronicles
-
Latin America and the Caribbean
-
Modern Europe
-
United States and Canada
-
Literature and the Arts
-
Art and Architecture
-
Biographies
-
Classical Literature, Mythology, and Folklore
-
Fashion, Design, and Crafts
-
Journalism and Publishing
-
Language, Linguistics, and Literary Terms
-
Literature in English
-
Literature in Other Modern Languages
-
Performing Arts
-
Scholars and Historians
-
Medicine
-
Anatomy and Physiology
-
Biographies
-
Diseases and Conditions
-
Divisions, Diagnostics, and Procedures
-
Drugs
-
Psychology
-
People
-
History
-
Literature and the Arts
-
Medicine
-
Philosophy and Religion
-
Science and Technology
-
Social Sciences and the Law
-
Sports and Games
-
Philosophy and Religion
-
Ancient Religions
-
Biographies
-
Christianity
-
Eastern Religions
-
Islam
-
Judaism
-
Other Religious Beliefs and General Terms
-
Philosophy
-
The Bible
-
Places
-
Africa
-
Asia
-
Australia and Oceania
-
Britain, Ireland, France, and the Low Countries
-
Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic Nations
-
Germany, Scandinavia, and Central Europe
-
Latin America and the Caribbean
-
Oceans, Continents, and Polar Regions
-
Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Balkans
-
United States and Canada
-
Plants and Animals
-
Agriculture and Horticulture
-
Animals
-
Biographies
-
Botany
-
Microbes, Algae, and Fungi
-
Plants
-
Zoology and Veterinary Medicine
-
Science and Technology
-
Astronomy and Space Exploration
-
Biochemistry
-
Biographies
-
Biology and Genetics
-
Chemistry
-
Computers and Electrical Engineering
-
Mathematics
-
Physics
-
Technology
-
Social Sciences and the Law
-
Anthropology and Archaeology
-
Biographies
-
Economics, Business, and Labor
-
Education
-
Law
-
Political Science and Government
-
Sociology and Social Reform
-
Sports and Everyday Life
-
Biographies
-
Crafts and Household Items
-
Days and Holidays
-
Fashion and Clothing
-
Food and Drink
-
Games
-
Manners and Customs
-
Social Organizations
-
Sports
Documents for "Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches: Councils and Treaties":
-
Basel, Council of
1431-49, first part of the 17th ecumenical council in the Roman Catholic Church. It is generally considered to have been ecumenical until it fell into heresy in 1437; after that it is regarded as...
-
Chalcedon, Council of
fourth ecumenical council, convened in 451 by Pulcheria and Marcian, empress and emperor of the East, to settle the scandal of the Robber Synod and to discuss Eutychianism (see Eutyches ). It deposed the principals in the Robber Synod and destroyed the Eutychian party. Its great work, however, was its Definition regarding the nature and person of Jesus. Based upon the formulation given by Pope St. Leo I in his famous Tome to Flavian, it declared that, contrary to the view taken by Eutychianism (see Eutyches ) and Monophysitism , the second Person of the Trinity has two distinct natures—one divine and one human. It was also proclaimed that these two natures exist inseparably in one person. This difference was a major...
-
concordat
formal agreement, specifically between the pope, in his spiritual capacity, and the temporal authority of a state. Its juridical status is now generally accepted as being a contract between church and state and as such it is a treaty governed by international laws. The term concordat has also been applied to other agreements; thus, in the Swiss Confederation before 1848 federal decisions were called concordats. The fundamental antithesis between church and state found...
-
Concordat of 1801
agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France. Napoleon took the initiative in negotiating this agreement; he recognized that...
-
Constance, Council of
1414-18, council of the Roman Catholic Church, some of its sessions being reckoned as the 16th ecumenical council. It was summoned to end the Great Schism (see Schism, Great ), in which three men were claiming to be pope— Gregory XII (since recognized as canonical pope), John XXIII (see Cossa, Baldassare ), and Benedict XIII (see Luna, Pedro de ). Reform of Christian life and extirpation of heresy were also aims of the convocation, which was called by John at the insistence of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Sigismund chose Konstanz (Constance), an imperial city, as the meeting place. Church theologians tend to regard as ecumenical in character only those sessions of the council meeting after the...
-
Constantinople, First Council of
381, second ecumenical council. It was convened by Theodosius I, then emperor of the East and a recent convert, to confirm the victory over Arianism. The council drew up a dogmatic statement on the...
-
Constantinople, Fourth Council of
869-70, regarded as the eighth ecumenical council by the modern Roman Catholic Church. It has never been accepted by the Orthodox Church, which instead recognizes the council of 880 that supported Photius. The council of 869 was convoked at the suggestion of Basil I, the new Byzantine emperor, to confirm the restoration of St. Ignatius of Constantinople to the see that Photius had resigned. Only 12 bishops attended at first, and attendance never exceeded 103. The legates of Pope Adrian II presided. Photius had already been condemned, without a...
-
Constantinople, Second Council of
553, regarded generally as the fifth ecumenical council. It was convened by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I to settle the dispute known as the Three Chapters. In an attempt to reconcile moderate...
-
Constantinople, Third Council of
680, regarded by Roman Catholic and Orthodox Eastern churches as the sixth ecumenical council. It was convoked by Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV to deal with Monotheletism. The council was attended by more than 150 bishops from all over the world, and it was presided over by the papal legates. It condemned Monotheletism very clearly by defining the orthodox faith as...
-
council, ecumenical
[Gr.,=universal], in Christendom, council of church leaders, the decisions of which are accepted by some segment of the church as authoritative, also called general council. Although councils can...
-
Ephesus, Council of
431, 3d ecumenical council, convened by Theodosius II, emperor of the East, and Valentinian III, emperor of the West, to deal with the controversy over Nestorianism. Adherents of both parties attended; St. Cyril , patriarch of Alexandria, had the support of Pope Celestine I and most of Christendom; Nestorius was backed by Theodosius and the Antiochene hierarchy. The council, late in starting, was opened by St. Cyril before the Antiochene bishops arrived. It...
-
Ferrara-Florence, Council of
1438-45, second part of the 17th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church; the first part was the Council of Basel, canonically convened but after 1437 schismatic (see Basel, Council of ). The chief goal at Ferrara was to end the schism of East and West; it was vigorously promoted by John VIII, Byzantine emperor, who, hard pressed by the Turks, hoped Christian union might save his...
-
Lateran Council, Fifth
1512-17, 18th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convened by Pope Julius II and continued by his successor Leo X. Julius called the council to counter an attempt begun (1510) by Louis XII of France to revive the conciliar theory (i.e., that a council has supreme power, even over the pope) of a hundred years...
-
Lateran Council, First
1123, 9th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, summoned by Pope Calixtus II to signal the end of the investiture controversy by confirming the Concordat of Worms (1122). It was held in the Lateran Palace, Rome, making it the first council to be held in Western Europe. Many of the council's decrees became part...
-
Lateran Council, Fourth
1215, 12th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convened at the Lateran Palace, Rome, by Pope Innocent III to crown the work of his pontificate. It was one of the most important councils ever held, and its canons sum up Innocent's ideas for the church. They include a statement of faith with a definition...
-
Lateran Council, Second
1139, 10th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convened at the Lateran Palace, Rome, by Pope Innocent II. The council attempted to heal the wounds left by the schism of the antipope Anacletus...
-
Lateran Council, Third
1179, 11th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. It was convened at the Lateran Palace, Rome, by Pope Alexander III after the Peace of Venice (1178) had reconciled him with Holy Roman...
-
Lateran Treaty
concordat between the Holy See and the kingdom of Italy signed in 1929 in the Lateran Palace, Rome, by Cardinal Gasparri for Pius XI and by Benito Mussolini for Victor Emmanuel III. One of the important negotiators was Cardinal Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII. In 1871 the unity of Italy was perfected by restricting the papal sovereignty to a few buildings...
-
Lyons, First Council of
1245, 13th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convened at Lyons, France, by Pope Innocent IV to deal with his struggle with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. In spite of the defense...
-
Lyons, Second Council of
1274, 14th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. It was summoned by Pope Gregory X to discuss problems in the Holy Land, to remove the schism of East and West, and to reform the church. The reunion of Constantinople and Rome had been proposed by the Byzantine emperor, Michael...
-
Nicaea, First Council of
325, 1st ecumenical council, convened by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great to solve the problems raised by Arianism. It has been said that 318 persons attended, but a more likely number is 225, including every Eastern bishop of importance, four Western bishops (among them Hosius of Córdoba, president of the council), and two papal legates. The chief figures at the council were Arius and his opponent, Athanasius. The council adopted, as a test of faith, a formula that seems to have been based on a simple baptismal creed presented possibly by Eusebius of Caesarea; this was not, however, the creed generally...
-
Nicaea, Second Council of
787, 7th ecumenical council, convened by Byzantine Empress Irene. Called to refute iconoclasm , the council declared that images ought to be venerated (but not worshiped) and ordered them restored in churches. Practically the only Western delegates were the papal legates, but popes have...
-
Pisa, Council of
1409, unrecognized council of the Roman Catholic Church. It was summoned to end the Great Schism (see Schism, Great ) by members of the colleges of cardinals of the two rivals, Gregory XII (in Rome) and Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna , in Avignon). The plan was to depose both men claiming to be pope and elect a new one. The council had a wide international attendance. It declared both popes to be heretical and schismatic and...
-
Poissy, Colloquy of
1561, conference of Roman Catholic prelates and Protestant ministers, initiated by Catherine de' Medici and Michel de L'Hôpital in the hope of bringing about a peaceful reunion of the two...
-
Trent, Council of
1545-47, 1551-52, 1562-63, 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked to meet the crisis of the Protestant Reformation. Earlier efforts at reforming the church had already produced the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17), but it had proved ineffectual. The rise of Lutheranism brought forth a church-wide reaction that was strongly anti-Lutheran. It hoped for a new council, and when Paul III was elected...
-
Vatican Council, First
1869-70, the 20th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church (see council, ecumenical ), renowned chiefly for its enunciation of the doctrine of papal infallibility.
-
Vatican Council, Second
popularly called Vatican II, 1962-65, the 21st ecumenical council (see council, ecumenical ) of the Roman Catholic Church, convened by Pope John XXIII and continued under Paul VI. Its announced purpose was spiritual renewal of the church and reconsideration of the position of the church in the modern world. The most spectacular innovation of the council, which convened Oct...
-
Vienne, Council of
1311-12, 15th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held at Vienne, France. It was convened by Pope Clement V at the behest of Philip IV of France as a further move in the plan of the French king to destroy the Knights Templars. The council voted to hear the knights in their own defense but, under pressure from Philip, reversed itself and recommended that the order be suppressed. The pope dissolved the order by papal bull...
-
Whitby, Synod of
called by King Oswy of Northumbria in 663 at Whitby, England. Its purpose was to choose between the usages of the Celtic and Roman churches, primarily in the matter of reckoning the date of Easter...
-
Worms, Concordat of
1122, agreement reached by Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to put an end to the struggle over investiture. By its terms the emperor guaranteed free election of bishops and abbots and renounced the right to invest them with ring and staff, the symbols of their spiritual duties. The pope granted Henry...
|
|