Documents for "American Art: Biographies":

• Abbey, Edwin Austin 1852-1911, American illustrator and painter, b. Philadelphia, studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Employed by Harper & Brothers, he was sent to England, where he gathered...

• Addams, Charles Samuel 1912-88, American cartoonist, b. Westfield, N.J. Beginning in 1935, Addams's work appeared regularly in The New Yorker magazine. Members of a ghoulish family were his chief subject matter. Famed for...

• Albers, Josef 1888-1976, German-American painter, printmaker, designer, and teacher, b. Bottrop, Germany. After working at the Bauhaus (1920-33), Albers and his wife, the textile designer and weaver Anni Albers, emigrated to the United States when Hitler came to power. Albers taught throughout the Americas and Europe, headed the...

• Albright, Ivan Le Lorraine 1897-1983, American painter, b. North Harvey, Ill. Allied with the Magic Realist group, Albright developed a style combining American scene painting with surrealist influences. He sought to...

• Allston, Washington 1779-1843, American painter and author, b. Georgetown co., S.C. After graduating from Harvard (1800), where he composed music and wrote poetry (published in 1813 as The Sylphs of the Seasons ), Allston went to London and there studied painting with Benjamin West. He then spent four years in Rome studying the old masters and began his ambitious religious and allegorical paintings, which...

• Ames, Ezra 1768-1836, American painter, b. Framingham, Mass. Early in his life he worked as a carriage painter, miniaturist, engraver, and decorator, first in Worcester, Mass., and later in Albany, N.Y.,...

• Andre, Carl 1935-, American sculptor, b. Quincy, Mass. A former student of Patrick Morgan and Frank Stella, Andre produces sculptures of elemental, classic form. His works reflect the quarries, shipyards, and...

• Arms, John Taylor 1887-1953, American etcher and draftsman, b. Washington, D.C. He studied architecture, but later he devoted himself to etching and became noted for his excellent studies of medieval architecture...

• Arno, Peter 1904-68, American cartoonist, b. New York City. Arno's satirical cartoons appeared in The New Yorker magazine from 1925 until his death. He achieved a distinctive drawing style featuring heavily outlined figures. Notable among his urbane characterizations are the self-important executive and the...

• Augur, Hezekiah 1791-1858, American sculptor. After a business failure he devoted himself to art and was encouraged by Samuel F. B. Morse. His bust of Washington and the statuette group Jephtha and His Daughter (Yale...

• Avery, Milton 1893-1965, American painter, b. Altmar, N.Y. Avery moved to New York City in 1925. Bold massing of forms is characteristic of his figurative work, such as Poetry Reading (1957; Munson-Williams-Proctor...

• Bache, Jules Semon 1861-1944, American banker and art collector, b. New York City. He made an immense fortune on Wall St., organized the banking firm of J. S. Bache and Company, and was director of 12 other firms. In...

• Bacon, Peggy 1895-1987, American illustrator, caricaturist, and etcher, b. Ridgefield, Conn. She illustrated more than 60 books including works by George Ade, Carl Sandburg, and Louis Untermeyer, as well as her...

• Badger, Joseph 1708-65, American painter, b. Charlestown, Mass. By trade a glazier and house and sign painter, he turned his hand to portraiture. Generally uninspired, his work appears at its best in his numerous...

• Ball, Thomas 1819-1911, American sculptor, b. Charlestown, Mass.; son of a house and sign painter. Thomas Ball was also a singer of reputation, the first in the United States to sing the title role in...

• Barber, John Warner 1798-1885, American engraver, b. East Windsor, Conn. He opened (1823) a business in New Haven, where he produced religious and historical books, illustrated with his own wood and steel engravings...

• Barnard, George Grey 1863-1938, American sculptor, b. Bellefonte, Pa. He studied engraving, then sculpture, first at the Art Institute of Chicago, then at the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. A strong Rodin influence is...

• Barnes, Albert Coombs see Barnes Foundation.

• Barr, Alfred Hamilton, Jr. 1902-81, American art historian, b. Detroit. Barr taught art history at several colleges and was the first director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York City. He organized more than 100 museum...

• Bartlett, Paul Wayland 1865-1925. American sculptor, b. New Haven, Conn. The son of a sculptor, he lived in Paris in his boyhood and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts and under Frémiet. The Bohemian Bear...

• Baskin, Leonard 1922-2000, American sculptor, graphic artist, and teacher, b. New Brunswick, N.J. In sculptural and graphic works that are figurative in style, Baskin's images of a corrupt, bloated humanity often...

• Basquiat, Jean-Michel 1960-88, American painter, b. Brooklyn, N.Y. Born into a middle-class Haitian and Puerto Rican family, he was a 1980s art star whose rise and fall were rapid, dramatic, and emblematic of the era...

• Baziotes, William 1912-64, American painter, b. Pittsburgh. Baziotes's works of the 1940s and 50s are largely abstract images, usually with brooding, primitive qualities encompassed in rich and muted colors. He...

• Beard, Daniel Carter 1850-1941, American illustrator and naturalist, b. Cincinnati, Ohio, studied at the Art Students League, New York City. He illustrated many books (among them the first edition of Mark Twain's Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court ) and taught animal drawing. He became interested in work for boys, and his best-known book, The American Boys' Handy Book, was published in 1882. One of the founders (1910) of the Boy Scouts of America, he served for the remainder of his life as national scout commissioner. To boys all over the country he was known as...

• Bearden, Romare 1911-88, American painter and collagist, b. Charlotte, N.C. Bearden grew up in Harlem and studied at New York Univ. and the Art Students League, New York City. In his work Bearden attempted to...

• Beaux, Cecilia 1855-1942, American figure and portrait painter, b. Philadelphia. She studied in Philadelphia under William Sartain (see under Sartain, John ) and Thomas Eakins , in Paris in the Julian and Lazar schools. A skilled technician, she won many honors through her long career. She painted a number of wealthy patrons and celebrities, among them Henry James,...

• Bellows, George Wesley 1882-1925, American painter, draftsman, and lithographer, b. Columbus, Ohio; son of an architect and builder. In his senior year he left Ohio State Univ. to study painting under Robert Henri in New...

• Benbridge, Henry 1744-1812, American portrait painter and miniaturist, b. Philadelphia, studied in Italy and with Benjamin West in London. His portraits are characterized by technical skill and have sometimes been...

• Benton, Thomas Hart 1889-1975, American regionalist painter, b. Neosho, Mo.; grandnephew of Sen. Thomas Hart Benton and son of Congressman Maecenas E. Benton. In 1906 and 1907 he attended the Art Institute of Chicago...

• Berenson, Bernard 1865-1959, American art critic and connoisseur of Italian art, b. Lithuania, grad. Harvard, 1887. An expert and an arbiter of taste, he selected for art collectors innumerable paintings, many of...

• Bertoia, Harry 1915-78, American sculptor and furniture designer, b. Italy. Bertoia emigrated to the United States in 1933 and joined Knoll International (1950). There he designed chairs that brought him wide...

• Biddle, George 1885-1973, American painter and writer on art, b. Philadelphia. After studying abroad Biddle settled in the 1930s in Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., where he devoted himself to paintings of social import...

• Bierstadt, Albert 1830-1902, American painter of Western scenery, b. Germany. After traveling and sketching throughout the mountains of Europe, he returned to the United States. He then journeyed (1859) to the West...

• Bingham, George Caleb 1811-79, American genre painter and politician, b. Augusta co., Va. His family moved (1819) to Missouri, which was the site of most of Bingham's activities. In 1837 he studied for a short time at...

• Birch, Thomas 1779-1851, American artist, b. London. Birch settled in Philadelphia in 1793. Famous for his paintings of landscapes and historical scenes, he is also noted for a series of engravings of views of...

• Bishop, Isabel 1902-88, American painter, b. Cincinnati, Ohio. Influenced by the New York City painters of the 1930s, Bishop produced numerous paintings of working women. Her pensive nude studies, such as Nude—1934,...

• Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis 1867-1915, American sculptor, b. Austria. Having done some decorative modeling in Austria, Bitter soon found work when he came to the United States in 1889. His work for the Chicago exposition...

• Blackburn, Joseph b. c.1700, d. after 1765, American portrait painter. Little is known concerning him except that from 1750 to 1765 he painted portraits (usually signed J.B.), chiefly of members of distinguished...

• Blakelock, Ralph Albert 1847-1919, American landscape painter, b. New York City. The son of a doctor, he was educated for a medical career but abandoned it for painting, in which he was largely self-taught. His life was...

• Blashfield, Edwin Howland 1848-1936, American mural painter and mosaic designer, b. New York City, studied with Bonnat in Paris. From the 1890s on he worked chiefly as a muralist, creating large works of a historical or...

• Block, Herbert Lawrence 1909-2001, American editorial cartoonist known as Herblock, b. Chicago. A superb stylist and generally a political liberal, Herblock began drawing cartoons (1929-33) for the Chicago Daily News, later moving to the Newspaper Enterprise Association (1933-43) and to the Washington Post (1946-2001). His work, which forms a wittily indignant commentary on six decades of American history, was syndicated in more than 300 newspapers, and he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1942,...

• Blume, Peter 1906-92, American painter, b. Russia. Blume emigrated to the United States in 1911. In his early work, such as The Parade (1930; Mus. of Modern Art, New York City), he sought to depict through symbolism the smooth, hard contours of the industrial world. His paintings, which gained recognition in the 1930s, are...

• Blythe, David Gilmour 1815-65, American artist, b. East Liverpool, Ohio. Working in Pennsylvania, Blythe produced genre scenes that depict the rough existence of the early frontier. Many of his paintings are satirical...

• Bontecou, Lee 1931-, American artist, b. Providence, R.I. Bontecou is best known for the abstract sculptures she created from 1959-1967, three-dimensional wall reliefs made of weathered canvas stretched over...

• Borglum, Gutzon (John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum) , 1867-1941, American sculptor, b. Idaho; son of a Danish immigrant physician and rancher. He studied at the San Francisco Art Academy and in Paris at Julian's academy and the École des Beaux-Arts...

• Bourgeois, Louise boorzhwä´ , 1911-, French-American sculptor, b. Paris. She married the art historian Robert Goldwater in 1938, emigrated to the United States, and became a citizen. Her semiabstract sculpture employs many media, including wood, stone, plaster, metal, and latex, and has since the 1980s included...

• Bridgman, Frederic Arthur 1847-1927, American painter of genre and of scenes of Middle Eastern antiquity, b. Tuskegee, Ala. He studied under Gérôme in Paris, where he remained as an important figure in the large American...

• Brook, Alexander 1898-1980, American painter, b. Brooklyn, N.Y. Brook's paintings, which are consistently realistic, include portraits, still-life subjects, landscapes, and figures. His color is subtle and...

• Browere, John Henri Isaac 1792-1834, American sculptor, b. New York City, studied painting in New York under Archibald Robertson and sculpture in Europe. He is known for his life masks, many of famous Americans, which he...

• Brown, Henry Kirke 1814-86, American sculptor, b. Leyden, Mass. He studied portrait painting with Chester Harding and later turned to sculpture, which he studied in Italy. Returning to America in 1846, he settled in...

• Brown, Mather 1761-1831, American portrait and historical painter, b. Boston. He studied under Benjamin West in London and continued to work in England. His portraits include those of George IV (Buckingham Palace, London), Queen Charlotte, Sir William Pepperrell, Cornwallis, and Presidents John Adams and...

• Brush, George de Forest 1855-1941, American painter, b. Shelbyville, Tenn., studied in New York City at the National Academy of Design and with Gérôme in Paris. His early, scrupulously realistic paintings of Native...

• Buell, Abel 1742-1822, American silversmith, engraver, and type founder, b. Killingworth, Conn. He engraved a number of maps, including maps of the Florida coast and a large wall map of the United States, the...

• Burchfield, Charles 1893-1967, American painter, b. Ashtabula, Ohio, studied at the Cleveland School of Art. Living at first in Ohio, then moving (1925) to upstate New York, he worked (1921-20) as a wallpaper...

• Burgis, William fl. 1717-31, American engraver and publisher of maps and views, b. London. His name appears as publisher on the views South Prospect of ye Flourishing City of New York (1717; copy, N.Y. Historical...

• Cadmus, Paul 1904-99, American painter, b. N.Y.C.; studied National Academy of Design (1919-26), Art Students' League (1928). From 1933-35 he and painter Jared French traveled to Europe, where he learned the...

• Calder, Alexander 1898-1976, American sculptor, b. Philadelphia; son of a prominent sculptor, Alexander Stirling Calder. Among the most innovative modern sculptors, Calder was trained as a mechanical engineer. In...

• Canaday, John 1907-85, American art critic, b. Fort Scott, Kans. A columnist for the New York Times, Canaday was noted for taking conservative positions in the art world. He was an authority on 19th-century art....

• Carr, Emily 1871-1945, Canadian painter. She studied (1889-c.1895) at the San Francisco School of Art and later in London and in Paris. In Victoria, British Columbia, she taught painting and visited native...

• Cassatt, Mary 1844-1926, American figure painter and etcher, b. Pittsburgh. Most of her life was spent in France, where she was greatly influenced by her great French contemporaries, particularly Manet and...

• Catlin, George 1796-1872, American traveler and artist, b. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Educated as a lawyer, he practiced in Philadelphia for two years but turned to art study and became a portrait painter in New York...

• Chamberlain, John 1927-, American sculptor, b. Rochester, Ind. In the late 1950s, Chamberlain became known for his welded assemblages of smashed automobile parts and colored scrap metal. His work is represented in...

• Champney, Benjamin 1817-1907, American painter, b. New Ipswich, N.H. Champney studied drawing and was apprenticed to a lithographer in Boston. He traveled to Europe in 1846, painting panoramic vistas of the Rhine...

• Chapman, John Gadsby 1808-90, American painter, b. Alexandria, Va. Chapman is noted for his colored etchings of the Roman compagna and the American landscape. His historical painting The Baptism of Pocahontas is in the...

• Chase, William Merritt 1849-1916, American painter, b. Williamsburg, Ind., studied in Indianapolis and in Munich under Piloty. In 1878 he began his long career as an influential teacher at the Art Students League of New...

• Chicago, Judy (Judy Gerowitz Chicago) , 1939-, American artist, b. Chicago as Judy Cohen. A feminist and founder of the Women's Art Education collective, she works in a variety of media, including such historically female crafts as...

• Chihuly, Dale Patrick 1941-, American glass artist, b. Tacoma, Wash.; grad. Univ. of Washington, Seattle (B.A., 1965), Rhode Island School of Design (RISD; M.F.A., 1967), Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison (M.S., 1967)...

• Christo 1935-, Bulgarian-American artist, b. Gabrovo as Christo Vladimirov Javacheff, studied Sofia, Vienna, and Paris. His early experiments in assemblage led to his trademark device of wrapping familiar...

• Church, Frederick Edwin 1826-1900, American landscape painter of the Hudson River school , b. Hartford, Conn., studied with Thomas Cole at Catskill, N.Y. He traveled and painted in North and South America and in Europe and excelled in panoramic scenes. He painted exotic and foreign...

• Close, Chuck (Charles Thomas Close), 1940-, American painter, b. Monroe, Wash., grad. Univ. of Washington (B.A., 1962), Yale Univ. (B.F.A., 1963; M.F.A., 1964). After studying in Vienna (1964-65), he moved...

• Cole, Thomas 1801-48, American landscape painter, b. England. He arrived in the United States in 1818 and moved to Ohio, where he was impressed by the beauty of the countryside. In 1825 he went to New York,...

• Cole, Timothy 1852-1931, American wood engraver, b. London. He came to the United States as a child. Cole learned his trade in Chicago and later moved to New York, where in 1873 he began his 40-year association...

• Copley, John Singleton 1738-1815, American portrait painter, b. Boston. Copley is considered the greatest of the American old masters. He studied with his stepfather, Peter Pelham , and undoubtedly frequented the studios...

• Corcoran, William Wilson 1798-1888, American financier, philanthropist, and art collector, b. Georgetown, D.C. After becoming a successful banker, he retired in 1854 and devoted himself to his philanthropic activities,...

• Cornell, Joseph American artist, 1903-72, b. Nyack, N.Y. Cornell is best known for his surrealist-flavored shadow boxes. These are relatively small constructions, within glass-fronted shallow boxes or frames, made...

• Cortissoz, Royal 1869-1948, American critic and lecturer on art. He was the New York Herald Tribune art critic from 1891 and was noted for his lectures at the Metropolitan Museum and at other museums throughout the United States. He wrote biographies of Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1907), John La...

• Covarrubias, Miguel 1902-57, American artist and writer, b. Mexico City. Largely self-taught, he went to New York City in 1923 and won prompt recognition as a brilliant illustrator, stage designer, and caricaturist...

• Cox, Kenyon 1856-1919, American painter, draftsman, and art critic, b. Warren, Ohio. He studied in Cincinnati, at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and with Carolus-Duran and Gérôme in Paris. He...

• Crawford, Ralston 1906-78, American painter, b. St. Catherine's, Ont. Crawford's paintings are marked by precise detail, flat color, and the simplification of form. His works portray the American city and industrial...

• Crawford, Thomas 1813-57, American sculptor, b. New York City. He was apprenticed to a wood carver and later worked for a firm of tombstone cutters. He achieved his first success with decorations for the Capitol at...

• Cropsey, Jasper Francis 1823-1900, American artist, b. Staten Island, N.Y. Trained as an architect, Cropsey designed two churches in Staten Island and several stations on the Sixth Ave. elevated railway in Manhattan...

• Currier & Ives American lithographers and print publishers, who produced highly popular hand-colored prints of contemporary scenes and events in American life. Nathaniel Currier, 1813-88, b. Roxbury, Mass., founded the business in New York City in 1835, and in 1857 formed a partnership with the able artist and businessman James Merritt Ives, 1824-95, b. New York City. The prints, in which were depicted horses, yachts, trains, newsworthy events, and scenes of nature and outdoor recreation, have become prized collectors' items. Both...

• Curry, John Steuart 1897-1946, American painter, b. Dunavant, Jefferson co., Kans. He spent his youth on his father's farm. In 1916 he entered the Kansas City Art Institute and later studied in Chicago and New York...

• Dabo, Leon 1868-1960, American painter, b. Detroit. He worked with John La Farge, studied in Paris under Puvis de Chavannes, and was influenced by Whistler and by Japanese landscape painting. Dabo's own...

• Darley, Felix Octavius Carr 1822-88, American illustrator, lithographer, and painter, b. Philadelphia. He is best known for his pen-and-ink drawings, which, for their inventiveness, versatility, vigorous style, and technical...

• Darling, Jay Norwood 1876-1962, American cartoonist, known as "Ding," b. near Charlevoix, Mich. He worked for the Sioux City, Iowa, Journal, for the Des Moines Register, and from 1917 to 1949 for the New York Tribune (later the Herald Tribune ). His forceful and witty work won him the Pulitzer Prize for cartoons in 1923 and 1943. Actively interested in the preservation of wildlife, he served as chief (1934-35) of the U.S. Bureau of...

• Davidson, Jo 1883-1952, American sculptor, b. New York City. He studied at the Art Students League and the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. He is known especially for his portrait busts, which display vigorous...

• Davies, Arthur Bowen 1862-1928, American painter and lithographer, b. Utica, N.Y., studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League, New York City. In 1893 he traveled in Europe and exhibited...

• Davis, Stuart 1894-1964, American painter, b. Philadelphia, studied with Robert Henri in New York City. At the age of 19 he did drawings and covers for The Masses and exhibited in the Armory Show. One of the early jazz enthusiasts, Davis is often said to have incorporated its exciting tempos into the vibrant patterns of his paintings. In the 1920s the...

• de Kooning, Willem 1904-97, American painter, b. Netherlands; studied Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts and Techniques. De Kooning immigrated to the United States, arriving as a stowaway in 1926 and settling in New...

• Dehn, Adolf Arthur 1895-1968, American painter and illustrator, b. Waterville, Minn. During the 1920s, Dehn became known as a forceful satiric illustrator. Later he concentrated primarily on painting, especially...

• Demuth, Charles 1883-1935, American watercolor painter, b. Lancaster, Pa. At the age of 20 he began his art study under William Chase at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1907 and again in 1912,...

• Dewing, Francis fl. 1716-22, early American engraver, b. England. He came to Boston in 1716 as an engraver and printer, probably one of the first in America. In 1722 he engraved and printed a large map, The Town of...

• Dewing, Thomas Wilmer 1851-1938, American painter, b. Boston, Mass. Dewing studied in Paris with the academician Jules Lefebvre. Returning to New York City in 1880, he produced hazy, atmospheric, impressionistic...

• di Suvero, Mark 1933-, American sculptor, b. Shanghai. Di Suvero's major works are constructions of massize pieces of steel, huge weathered timbers, tires, chains, and rope. They are remarkable for their large...

• Dickinson, Edwin Walter 1891-1978, American painter, b. Seneca Falls, N.Y. He studied in New York City with William Merritt Chase , and spent most of his life on Cape Cod. Working during the modernist era, Dickinson went his own way with paintings in several styles and genres. The dark, dreamlike, quasisurrealist, obsessively...

• Dickinson, Preston 1891-1930, American painter, b. New York City. In New York he studied at the Art Students League. From 1910 to 1915 he traveled in Europe, returning often later in life. His still lifes and...

• Diebenkorn, Richard 1922-93, American painter, b. Portland, Oreg. Raised in California, he studied and taught during the 1940s at the California School of Fine Arts, where his approach to color and composition was...

• Doughty, Thomas 1793-1856, American painter of the Hudson River school , b. Philadelphia. Although self-taught, he was one of the first American landscape painters to win widespread recognition at home and abroad. His paintings, few in number, are mostly of river...

• Dove, Arthur Garfield 1880-1946, American painter, b. Canandaigua, N.Y. Early in his career he did commercial illustration in New York City. Following a European trip (1907-9), he adopted an abstract style that...

• du Bois, Guy Pène 1884-1958, American painter and critic, b. Brooklyn, N.Y.; studied under William Chase and in Paris. In New York City after 1906 he worked as a reporter and art critic for various newspapers and...

• Dummer, Jeremiah 1645-1718, early American silversmith and engraver, b. Newbury, Mass. He was apprenticed (1659) to John Hull and set up as a silversmith in Boston c.1666. He held several public offices, was known...

• Durand, Asher Brown 1796-1886, American painter and engraver, b. near Newark, N.J. He established a reputation by his engravings of Trumbull's Signing of the Declaration of Independence, followed by a series of engraved portraits of eminent contemporaries. After 1835, Durand devoted himself to painting, producing portraits of several of the Presidents. After a year of travel and...

• Duveneck, Frank 1848-1919, American portrait and genre painter and teacher, b. Covington, Ky., studied in Cincinnati and in Munich. In 1875 he showed a group of his canvases in Boston, where they created a...

• Eakins, Thomas 1844-1916, American painter, photographer, and sculptor, b. Philadelphia, where he worked most of his life. Eakins is considered the foremost American portrait painter and one of the greatest...

• Earl, Ralph see Earle, Ralph.

• Earle, Ralph 1751-1801, American portrait and landscape painter, b. Worcester co., Mass. He is purported to have painted four scenes of the battle of Lexington as an eyewitness, but is best known for his...

• Eberle, Abastenia St. Leger 1878-1942, American sculptor, b. Webster City, Iowa, studied at the Art Students League, New York City. She produced a number of portrait sculptures and executed several fountains. Much of her...

• Eichholtz, Jacob 1776-1842, American portrait painter, b. Lancaster, Pa.; pupil of Gilbert Stuart in Boston but mainly self-taught. He painted portraits of some of the most prominent men of the day, and he also...

• Eilshemius, Louis Michel 1864-1941, American painter, b. near Newark, N.J. The son of a wealthy Dutch importer, he spent much of his youth abroad. After two years at Cornell Univ. he studied art at the Art Students League...

• Elliott, Charles Loring 1812-68, American painter, b. Scipio, Cayuga co., N.Y.; pupil of John Trumbull and John Quidor. His portraits number over 700. His principal works include the portraits of Matthew Vassar (Vassar);...

• Estes, Richard 1936-, American painter, b. Evanston, Ill. One of the best-known American exponents of photorealism , Estes is noted for his street scenes.

• Evergood, Philip 1901-73, American painter and etcher, b. New York City. His original name was Philip Blashki. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge and studied art in New York City and Paris. Evergood was famed...

• Feininger, Lyonel 1871-1956, American painter and illustrator, b. New York City. Feininger studied painting in Berlin, Hamburg, and Paris. He was an illustrator and caricaturist for several periodicals in Paris and...

• Feke, Robert c.1705-c.1750, early American portrait painter, b. Oyster Bay, N.Y. He practiced in Newport, R.I., New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. He probably studied in Europe for a time, but soon...

• Ferber, Herbert 1906-91, American sculptor, b. New York City, grad. Columbia (D.D.S., 1930). His original name was Herbert Ferber Silvers. Turning from early massive figures in wood and stone, he developed large,...

• Field, Erastus Salisbury 1805-1900, American painter, b. Leverett, Mass. Field's paintings, executed in a primitive manner, included biblical and classical themes and portraits. His famous Historical Monument of the American...

• Flagg, James Montgomery 1877-1960, American painter, illustrator, and author, b. Pelham Manor, N.Y. He studied in New York City, in England, and in Paris. Returning to New York, he rapidly won a reputation as an...

• Flanagan, John 1865-1952, American sculptor and medalist. In 1932 he designed the George Washington silver quarter. In addition to medals and plaquettes, he produced larger works, including a clock for the...

• Flannagan, John Bernard 1895-1942, American sculptor, b. Fargo, N.Dak., studied at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. His early life was a bitter struggle against poverty. Too poor to buy quarried stone, he picked up...

• Flavin, Dan 1933-96, American sculptor, b. New York City. In the early 1960s, Flavin experimented with fluorescent lights, bending them into complex, angular shapes. His sculptures, which are closely related...

• Folline, Miriam see Leslie, Frank.

• Francis, Sam 1923-94, American painter, b. San Mateo, Calif. Educated in medicine, Francis began painting while recovering from an injury received in World War II. His mural-sized paintings are stained with...

• Frankenthaler, Helen 1928-, American painter, b. New York City. A painter of the abstract expressionist school (see abstract expressionism ), Frankenthaler was greatly influenced by Jackson Pollock , with whom she studied....

• Frasconi, Antonio 1919-, American graphic artist, b. Montevideo, Uruguay. Frasconi emigrated to the United States in 1945, where he has had an influential and revitalizing effect on the art of woodblock printing...

• Fraser, James Earle 1876-1953, American sculptor, b. Winona, Minn., studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and in Paris. The best known of his many works are The End of the Trail (Visalia, Calif.), the designs for the...

• Frazee, John 1790-1852, American pioneer sculptor, b. Rahway, N.J. Without formal instruction, he advanced from tombstone cutting to portrait busts, including those of Daniel Webster, John Marshall, and other...

• Freer, Charles Lang 1856-1919, American art collector, b. Kingston, N.Y. He gave to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., his entire collection and the building (designed according to his direction) that...

• Freilicher, Jane 1924-, American painter, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., as Jane Niederhoffer; studied Hans Hoffmann School (1947), Brooklyn College (B.A. 1947), Columbia Univ. (M.A. 1948). Influenced by the abstract expressionism of her youth, she nonetheless creates intensely personal realistic paintings—Long Island landscapes, New York cityscapes, interiors, and still lifes. She has consistently rejected prevailing...

• French, Daniel Chester 1850-1931, American sculptor, b. Exeter, N.H., studied in Florence and in Boston with William Rimmer. After executing his first large work, The Minute Man (1875), he received many important commissions, including his most famous achievement, the heroic Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. His style varies from a detailed realistic...

• Friedlaender, Walter 1873-1966, American art historian, b. Germany. Friedlaender pursued a distinguished academic career in Germany until 1934 and afterward taught at New York Univ. His best-known works on 16th- and...

• Friedlander, Leo 1890-1966, American sculptor, b. New York City, studied in New York, Paris, Brussels, and at the American Academy in Rome. His many decorative works include sculptures on Washington Memorial Arch,...

• Frost, Arthur Burdett 1851-1928, American illustrator and cartoonist, b. Philadelphia; pupil of Thomas Eakins at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. He worked chiefly in New York City and became one of the most...

• Fuertes, Louis Agassiz 1874-1927, American artist and naturalist, b. Ithaca, N.Y., grad. Cornell Univ., 1897. His paintings of birds appear in most of the leading American ornithological works published in the latter...

• Fuller, George 1822-84, American portrait, figure, and landscape painter, b. Deerfield, Mass.; pupil of Henry K. Brown at Albany. He first practiced portraiture in Boston and later in New York City and then...

• Gibson, Charles Dana 1867-1944, American illustrator, b. Roxbury, Mass., studied at the Art Students League and in Paris. His work for Life, Century, Harper's, Scribner's, Collier's Weekly, and other magazines established him as a leading illustrator and delineator of aristocratic social ideals, most notably that of the ideal woman who came to be known as the Gibson Girl. His incisive...

• Gifford, Sanford R. 1823-80, American painter, b. Greenfield, N.Y. A major painter of the American movement known as luminism , Gifford, who was influenced by Thomas Cole early in his career, was celebrated for his atmospheric...

• Glackens, William James 1870-1938, American landscape and genre painter and illustrator, b. Philadelphia. An illustrator for Philadelphia and New York City newspapers and magazines for many years, Glackens first exhibited...

• Glaser, Milton 1929-, widely considered America's preeminent graphic designer of the last half of the 20th cent., b. New York City. After graduating (1951) from New York's Cooper Union Art School, he studied in...

• Goldberg, Rube (Reuben Lucius Goldberg), 1883-1970, American cartoonist and sculptor, b. San Francisco. After drawing cartoons for San Francisco newspapers, he moved to New York City. There he worked for the New...

• Goldwater, Robert 1907-73, American art historian, b. New York City. Goldwater taught at Queens College, N.Y., from 1934 to 1957, when he was appointed professor of fine arts at New York Univ. The same year he also...

• Gorey, Edward 1925-2000, American illustrator and writer, b. Chicago, grad Harvard. He lived and worked in New York City and Cape Cod until 1986 when he moved permanently to the Cape. Gorey is celebrated for his...

• Gorky, Arshile c.1900-48, American painter, b. Armenia as Vosdanig Adoian. He escaped the Turkish slaughter of Armenians, emigrated to the United States in 1920, studied at Boston's New School of Design, and...

• Gottlieb, Adolph 1903-74, American painter, b. New York City. Gottlieb studied under John Sloan and Robert Henri. In the 1940s he created pictographs which were stylized, primitive symbols set in a gridlike...

• Grandma Moses see Moses, Grandma.

• Greenberg, Clement 1909-94, American art critic, b. New York City. Greenberg's criticism was primarily concerned with art produced after abstract expressionism. This art, now known as color-field painting , he termed post-painterly abstraction, reflecting Heinrich Wölfflin's theory that painterly and linear styles alternate through the ages. In his essay collection Art and Culture (1961), Greenberg argued that the essence of modern art, especially painting, lies in its purely visual content. Greenberg's philosophy of art was outlined in a series of lectures posthumously...

• Greenough, Horatio 1805-52, American sculptor and writer, b. Boston, grad. Harvard, 1824, and studied in Italy under Thorvaldsen. A protégé of Washington Allston, he was a man of ideas in advance of his time. His...

• Greenwood, John 1727-92, American artist, b. Boston, Mass. An engraver and painter, Greenwood executed some of the first genre paintings in America. He is also noted for his satirical works peopled with small, energetic...

• Grooms, Red 1937-, American artist, b. Nashville, Tenn. Grooms was one of the earliest practitioners of the happening. He also worked in other theatrical forms but is best known for his pop art constructions, made of brightly painted wood, metal, fabric, and other media in a wide variety of sizes and scales. Best known are those that highlight the raucous hurly-burly of New York City,...

• Gropper, William 1897-1977, American painter and cartoonist, b. New York City. Gropper studied painting under Henri and Bellows. Employed as cartoonist by the New York Tribune, he went to work for the Rebel Worker in 1919. He became a leading painter of the 1920s and 30s, his works being primarily concerned with social responsibilities and class inequalities. Gropper is also known for his murals, such as...

• Grosz, George 1893-1959, German-American caricaturist, draughtsman, and painter, b. Berlin. Before and during World War I he contributed drawings on proletarian themes to Illustration and other German periodicals. He was associated with the Dada group at that time. In postwar Germany, Grosz was famous for his vitriolic, satirical drawings attacking the corruption of German...

• Guérin, Jules 1866-1946, American mural painter and illustrator, b. St. Louis. His illustrations appeared in leading magazines. He executed decorations for the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.; the...

• Guggenheim, Peggy (Marguerite Guggenheim), 1898-1979, American modern art patron and collector, b. New York City. The daughter of Benjamin, niece of Solomon, and grand-daughter of Meyer Guggenheim, she grew up in luxury, inherited a fortune, and became a friend, patron, and sometime lover to a number of avant-garde artists and writers. She moved to Paris (1930) and then to London, where she...

• Guston, Philip 1913-80, American painter, b. Montreal. Guston emigrated to the United States in 1916. His earliest role models as an artist were such Mexican muralists as José Orozco and David Siqueiros ; he later made nonobjective murals with Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. His sensitivity to the relationships of masses of color on canvas caused some critics to call him an "abstract impressionist." He was, however, intimately associated with abstract expressionism, and during the 1950s and 60s painted some of the most lyrical works connected with that movement. The Painter's City (1956) is a well-known work. During the latter part of his life, from the late 1960s on, Guston's work changed startlingly. His new paintings, which shockingly departed from his previous...

• Gwathmey, Robert 1903-88, American painter, b. Richmond, Va. Gwathmey taught at Cooper Union from 1942 to 1968. Among the first white artists to portray African Americans with dignity, he created paintings with...

• Haberle, John 1856-1933, American painter, b. New Haven, Conn. Noted for his photographically precise still-life paintings, Haberle is often compared in style with William Harnett. He is remembered chiefly for...

• Hanson, Duane 1925-96, American sculptor, b. Alexandria, Minn. A member of the superrealist movement of the late 1960s and early 70s, Hanson produced life-sized tableaux of realistic figures and props. In the...

• Harding, Chester 1792-1866, American portrait painter, b. Conway, Mass. He worked as an itinerant portrait painter long enough to enable him to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of Design. Later he practiced in St...

• Haring, Keith 1958-90, American artist, b. Kutztown, Pa. He moved to New York City in 1975 and studied at the School of Visual Arts (1978-79). Fascinated with the 1970s graffiti artists, Haring soon joined them...

• Harnett, William Michael 1848-92, American painter, b. Ireland. He emigrated to Philadelphia as a child; he first learned engraving and then studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and at the...

• Hartigan, Grace 1922-, American painter, b. Newark, N.J. Hartigan began painting semiabstract canvases after her introduction to the works of the abstract expressionists in 1949. She integrates recognizably...

• Hartley, Marsden 1877-1943, American painter, b. Lewiston, Maine. He was educated in Cleveland, but early in his career (1899) went to New York City, where he studied under William Merritt Chase and at the National Academy of Design. In 1909 his landscapes were shown at the Stieglitz gallery. During the next 12 years he made three trips to Europe and one to the Southwest. His work showed...

• Hassam, Childe (Frederick Childe Hassam) , 1859-1935, American painter and printmaker, b. Boston, studied in Paris. With their flickering light and airy palette, Hassam's sprightly landscapes, cityscapes, and interiors show the strong...

• Heade, Martin Johnson 1819-1904, American painter, b. Lumberville, Pa. He studied briefly with Edward Hicks and in Europe, and later traveled in Central and South America. Heade is associated with American luminism , particularly in his uniquely lit canvases of coming thunderstorms. He painted dramatic seascapes and landscapes of New England. In his nature studies, scientifically exact birds and plants are set...

• Healy, George Peter Alexander 1813-94, American painter, b. Boston. He began painting portraits at the age of 18 and, disregarding background, concentrated on producing a good likeness. Examples of his art are the portraits of...

• Held, Julius Samuel 1905-2002, American art historian, b. Germany. Held immigrated to the United States in 1934. In 1937 he began to teach at Barnard College, where he was professor of art history from 1944 to 1971...

• Henri, Robert 1865-1929, American painter and teacher, b. Cincinnati as Robert Henry Cozad. He studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1888 he went to Paris, where he worked at Julian's and the...

• Herblock see Block, Herbert Lawrence.

• Hesse, Eva 1936-70, American sculptor, b. Hamburg, Germany. Hesse's sculpture displays an antiformalism that developed in the late 1960s in reaction against conventional geometric constructivism. Using such...

• Hesselius, Gustavus 1682-1755, American portrait painter, b. Sweden, settled c.1712 in Philadelphia. He was the earliest portrait painter and organ builder in the United States. His Last Supper (1721-22) for St. Barnabas Church in Prince Georges co., Md., was the first recorded public commission awarded an artist in the United States. Hesselius's portraits of himself and his wife (c.1740)...