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Documents for "Russian, Soviet, and CIS History: Biographies":
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Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasilyevich
1857-1918, Russian general, chief of staff (1915-17) of Czar Nicholas II. With other officers he urged the czar to abdicate in favor of the czarevich in order to save the dynasty prior to the Russian Revolution. Alekseyev was briefly chief of staff in the provisional...
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Alexander I
1777-1825, czar of Russia (1801-25), son of Paul I (in whose murder he may have taken an indirect part). In the first years of his reign the liberalism of his Swiss tutor, Frédéric César de La Harpe , seemed to influence Alexander. He suppressed the secret police, lifted the ban on foreign travel and books, made attempts to improve the position of the serfs, and began to reform the backward...
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Alexander II
1818-81, czar of Russia (1855-81), son and successor of Nicholas I. He ascended the throne during the Crimean War (1853-56) and immediately set about negotiating a peace (see Paris, Congress of ). Influenced by Russia's defeat in the war and by peasant unrest Alexander embarked upon a modernization and reform program. The most important reform was the emancipation of the serfs (1861; see Emancipation, Edict of ). This failed, however, to meet the land needs of the newly freed group and created many new problems. In 1864, a system of limited local self-government was introduced (see zemstvo ) and the judicial system was partially Westernized. Municipal government was overhauled (1870), universal military training was introduced (1874), and censorship and control over education were...
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Alexander III
1845-94, czar of Russia (1881-94), son and successor of Alexander II. Factors that contributed to Alexander's reactionary policies included his father's assassination, his limited intelligence and education, his military background, and the influence of such...
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Alexander Nevsky
[Rus.,=of the Neva], 1220-1263, Russian hero, grand duke of Vladimir-Suzdal. As prince of Novgorod (1236-52) he earned his surname by his victory (1240) over the Swedes on the Neva River. He...
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Alexandra Feodorovna
1872-1918, last Russian czarina, consort of Nicholas II ; she was a Hessian princess and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Neurotic and superstitious, she was easily dominated by Rasputin , who seemingly was able to check the hemophilia of her son. During World War I, when Nicholas took command (Sept., 1915) of the forces at the front, Alexandra Feodorovna assumed control in St. Petersburg and prevailed upon her husband to replace...
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Alexis
(Aleksey Mikhailovich) , 1629-76, czar of Russia (1645-76), son and successor of Michael. His reign, marked by numerous popular outbreaks, was crucial for the later development of Russia. A new code of laws was...
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Alexis
(Aleksey Petrovich) , 1690-1718, Russian czarevich; son of Peter I (Peter the Great) by his first wife, and father of Peter II. Opposing his father's anticlerical policy, Alexis renounced his right of succession and fled (1716) to Vienna. Peter, who feared that Alexis might win foreign backing, enticed him to return; he...
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Alliluyeva, Svetlana
1926-, only daughter of the Soviet Communist leader Joseph Stalin and his second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva. After her father's death (1953), she was a teacher and translator in the Soviet Union. In late 1966, while in India, she defected to the West. She left a...
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Anastasia
(Anastasia Nikolayevna) , 1901-18, youngest daughter of Czar Nicholas II , last of the Russian czars. She was killed with the rest of her immediate family after the Russian Revolution, but several...
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Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich
1914-84, Soviet Communist leader (1982-84). As ambassador to Hungary from 1954 to 1957, he played a major role in the suppression of the 1956 anti-Communist uprising there. In 1957 he was...
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Anna
(Anna Ivanovna) , 1693-1740, czarina of Russia (1730-40), daughter of Ivan V and niece of Peter I (Peter the Great). On the death of her distant cousin, Peter II , she was chosen czarina by the supreme privy council, which thus hoped to gain power for itself. Anna signed articles limiting her power, but she soon restored autocratic rule, with support from...
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Anna Leopoldovna
or Anna Karlovna , 1718-46, duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, regent of Russia (1740-41); daughter of Charles Leopold, duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and of Catherine, sister of Czarina Anna of Russia. She married...
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Apraksin, Feodor Matveyevich
1671-1728, Russian admiral. He helped Peter I (Peter the Great) create the Russian navy and won several naval battles in Peter's wars against Sweden. He was made a count in 1709.
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Arakcheyev, Aleksey Andreyevich
1769-1834, Russian general, adviser to Czar Alexander I. An exacting officer, he helped organize the bodyguard of Czar Paul I , who made him a count and gave him high offices. Under Alexander I he was made (1808) minister of war and was one of the czar's most powerful advisers. He virtually ruled Russia during Alexander's...
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Bagration, Piotr Ivanovich, Prince
1765-1812, Russian general in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He fought under Field Marshal Suvorov in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1798-99 and at Austerlitz, Eylau, and Friedland. In 1808 he captured the Aland Islands from Sweden; in 1809 he fought against the Turks in the Russo-Turkish...
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Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, Prince
1761-1818, Russian field marshal, of Scottish descent. He gained prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, became minister of war in 1810, and commanded the Russian forces against Napoleon in 1812. His...
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Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich
1899-1953, Soviet Communist leader, b. Georgia. He rose to prominence in the Cheka (secret police) in Georgia and the Transcaucasus, became party secretary in these areas, and in 1938 became head...
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Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Aleksey Petrovich, Count
1693-1766, Russian statesman. With the accession (1741) of Czarina Elizabeth , he was appointed vice chancellor and (1744) grand chancellor. Directing Russian foreign policy, he attempted to unite Russia, Austria, Great Britain, and Saxony against France and Prussia, which...
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Bezborodko, Aleksandr Andreevich, Prince
1747-99, Russian statesman. He became secretary of petitions under Catherine II in 1775 and from 1780 served as head of the department of foreign affairs. During Catherine's reign foreign policy was determined largely by the empress, and Bezborodko generally went along with...
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