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Documents for "Latin American History: Biographies":
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Acosta, José de
c.1539-1600, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Peru. He wrote a well-known history of the Spanish colonial period, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies (1590; tr. 1604, 1880, repr. 1970).
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Acuña, Cristóbal de
1597-1676?, Spanish Jesuit missionary and explorer in South America, rector of the Jesuit college at Cuenca, Ecuador. In 1638 he was sent by the viceroy to accompany Teixeira on his return journey...
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Aguirre, Lope de
c.1510-1561, Spanish rebel and adventurer in colonial South America. He was often involved in violence and sedition before joining (1560) the expedition of Pedro de Ursúa down the Marañón and the...
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Almagro, Diego de
c.1475-1538, Spanish conquistador, a leader in the conquest of Peru. A partner of Francisco Pizarro , he took part in the first (1524) and second (1526-28) expeditions and in the bloody subjugation of the Incas after 1532. He aided (1534) Benalcázar in thwarting Pedro de Alvarado in the conquest of Ecuador. No match for the Pizarro brothers, he lost out in the division of spoils but was granted the lands S of Cuzco. In 1535, Almagro set out on a march that was incredible in its hardships—south through the freezing cordillera of the Andes, probably as far as Coquimbo in present Chile, and then, after finding...
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Alvarado, Pedro de
1486-1541, Spanish conquistador. He went to Hispaniola (1510), sailed in the expedition (1518) of Juan de Grijalva, and was the chief lieutenant of Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Mexico. He commanded at Tenochtitlán in the absence of Cortés, and his brutality provoked a brief native rebellion. Sent out by Cortés in 1523, he conquered Guatemala and...
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Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de
1754-1835, Spanish viceroy and military leader. He was sent to London by the Central Junta of Seville to gain English support against Napoleon. After service as governor of Cuba (1812-15),...
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Arias de Ávila, Pedro
known as Pedrarias , c.1440-1531, Spanish colonial administrator. He was sent (1514) as governor to Darién (now part of Panama), then under the rule of Vasco Núñez de Balboa. A long quarrel between the two ended with Balboa's execution. Pedrarias's administration was notoriously harsh and cruel, but he extended the Spanish dominions and founded (1519) Panama City; he...
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Arias de Saavedra, Hernando
known as Hernandarias , 1561-1634, Spanish colonial governor, b. Asunción, in present-day Paraguay. An able administrator, he was elected (1592) lieutenant governor of Asunción by the cabildo and was chosen governor of Río de la Plata prov. three times (1597-99, 1602-9, 1614-18). He consolidated the Spanish settlements, pacified the Native Americans, introduced public schools, and...
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Ayolas, Juan de
d. 1537?, Spanish conquistador, explorer of the Río de la Plata country. He accompanied Pedro de Mendoza on his expedition of 1535-36. Sent to look for provisions, he sailed up the Paraná River and founded a fort called Corpus Christi. Later, leaving Domingo Martínez de Irala at a port called...
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Bastidas, Rodrigo de
c.1460-1526, Spanish conquistador in Colombia. In 1501, accompanied by Balboa and Juan de la Cosa , he discovered the mouths of the Magdalena River. Because of difficulties with the Spanish crown, it was 1525 before he returned to found Santa Marta. He prohibited exploitation of Native Americans and so dissatisfied his followers that they tried to murder him. Wounded, he fled to Santo Domingo, but bad weather forced him to land in Cuba, where...
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Benalcázar, Sebastián de
c.1479-1551, Spanish conquistador. After accompanying Columbus on his third voyage (1498), Benalcázar served in Darién and Nicaragua before joining Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of Peru (1532). Setting out from Piura , he forestalled Pedro de Alvarado in support of Diego de Almagro , the elder, and entered (1533) the native stronghold of Quito, founded Guayaquil, and marched (1535) into SW Colombia in search of El Dorado. While in Colombia he founded Pasto and Cali. In 1539, he tried unsuccessfully to ally himself with Federmann against Jiménez de Quesada. Journeying to Spain with them to settle accounts, Benalcázar returned (1541) as governor of Popayán prov. Between 1541 and 1548 he aided Vaca de Castro against Diego de Almagro, the younger, and...
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Bobadilla, Francisco de
d. 1502, Spanish colonial governor. He superseded Columbus in the West Indies (1500) and sent him home as a prisoner. Recalled in 1502, he was drowned on the voyage to Europe.
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Bolívar, Simón
1783-1830, South American revolutionary who led independence wars in the present nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
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Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez
c.1490-c.1557, Spanish explorer. Cabeza de Vaca [cow's head] was not actually a surname but a hereditary title in his mother's family; he is frequently called simply Álvar Núñez.
...
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Carvajal, Francisco de
1464?-1548, Spanish conquistador. For 40 years he fought in European wars before going to Mexico and subsequently to Peru, where he aided Francisco Pizarro. He grew rich from the tributory labor...
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Cieza de León, Pedro
1518?-1560, Spanish soldier and explorer in South America. His Chronicle of Peru is one of the most richly detailed accounts of the Spanish conquest.
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Cosa, Juan de la
c.1460-1510, Spanish navigator. He sailed with Columbus in 1492 (as pilot of the flagship Santa María ) and again in 1498. After accompanying Alonso de Ojeda in 1499, he drew (1500) a world map (a manuscript copy exists in Madrid) that seems to be the first to question the identification with Asia...
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Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
c.1492-1581, Spanish conquistador and chronicler. He had served in the New World under various commanders—Pedro Arias de Ávila, Diego de Velázquez, Francisco Fernández de Córdoba, and...
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Enciso, Martín Fernández de
fl. 1509-19, Spanish conquistador and geographer. Commanding the supply ship for the colony planted (1509) near Cartagena by Ojeda , he met the discouraged men who had abandoned the settlement and...
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Esnambuc, Pierre Belain d'
1585-1636, French pioneer in the West Indies. Seeking to recoup his family fortune by privateering in the West Indies, Esnambuc instead became the founder of French colonial possessions in that...
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Federmann, Nikolaus
1501-42, German adventurer in Venezuela and Colombia. In the service of the Welser brothers, Augsburg bankers to whom Charles V had granted rights in Venezuela, Federmann first landed at Santa Ana de Coro in 1530. Contrary to the orders of his commander, Federmann launched an expedition in search of El Dorado in 1535, going south to explore the Colombian llanos. Hearing of Jiménez de Quesada , Federmann and his men climbed the Andes, met Quesada, and in return for a large payment agreed not to dispute the latter's claims. An attempt by Benalcázar to join with Federmann against Quesada failed. Entering Bogotá, the commanders settled their differences and returned (1539) to Europe to confirm their claims. Federmann, involved in a suit in...
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Gálvez, José de
1720-87, Spanish colonial administrator. Appointed as a governor in the Philippines in 1750, he later became visitor general to New Spain (1765-72), holding more power than the viceroy there...
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Gálvez, Matías de
1717-84, Spanish colonial administrator, captain general of Guatemala (1779), viceroy of New Spain (1783-84); brother of José de Gálvez. He was succeeded as viceroy by his son, Bernardo...
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Garay, Juan de
c.1528-1583, Spanish conquistador, refounder of Buenos Aires. He went to Peru (1544) in the train of the first viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela, and was active against Gonzalo Pizarro in the civil war...
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Gil de Taboada y de Lemos, Francisco
d. 1809, Spanish colonial administrator. After serving as viceroy of New Granada (1789), he was viceroy of Peru (1790-96). In Peru he introduced administrative reforms, encouraged the arts, and...
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González de Ávila, Gil
d. 1543, Spanish conquistador. Despite the opposition of Pedro Arias de Ávila , he conquered Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua in 1522. He then fled to the island of Hispaniola to avoid trouble...
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Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo
c.1499-1579, Spanish conquistador in Colombia. Chief magistrate of Santa Marta, he was commissioned to explore the Magdalena in search of El Dorado. He set out in 1536, and after incredible hardships he defeated the Chibcha and founded (1538) Bogotá as capital of the New Kingdom of Granada (see New Granada ). A hard taskmaster but an able leader, Quesada wavered between humane and brutal treatment of the native population. He obtained fabulous amounts of emeralds and gold. Meeting Federmann and Benalcázar , who claimed the same territory, Quesada persuaded them to return with him to Spain, where settlement could be made. There he was ignored until 1550, when he was appointed marshal of New Granada...
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Las Casas, Bartolomé de
1474-1566, Spanish missionary and historian, called the apostle of the Indies. He went to Hispaniola with his father in 1502, and eight years later he was ordained a priest. In 1514 he began to...
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Liniers, Jacques de
Span. Santiago de Liniers y de Bremond , 1753-1810, French officer in Spanish service, viceroy of Río de la Plata. After a military and naval career in Europe, he was transferred to the Río de la Plata (1788) as a Spanish naval officer...
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Mansfield, Edward
d. 1667, West Indian buccaneer. Possibly born in Curaçao of Dutch parentage, he is also called Edward Mansveld. He was engaged (1665) by the British governor of Jamaica, Sir Thomas Modyford, to...
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Mendoza, Antonio de
1490?-1552, Spanish administrator, first viceroy of New Spain (1535-50) and viceroy of Peru (1551-52). Of noble family, Mendoza held high offices before going to Mexico, where his wise rule earned...
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Mendoza, Pedro de
b. 1501 or 1502, d. 1537, Spanish conquistador, first adelantado [civil and military governor] of Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina). After a military career in Europe, he received (1534) from Emperor Charles V a commission to conquer and colonize the Río...
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Montejo, Francisco de
c.1479-c.1548, Spanish conquistador. He served in Cuba under Diego Velásquez, later commanded a vessel in the expedition of Juan de Grijalva, and joined Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Mexico...
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Morazán, Francisco
1799-1842, Central American statesman, b. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. He led the revolutionary army that overthrew (1829) the regime of Manuel José Arce and was proclaimed president of the Central American Federation in 1830. The opponents of Guatemalan domination caused Morazán to move the capital from Guatemala to San Salvador. As a liberal he promoted education and abolished most monastic orders. The...
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Morillo, Pablo
1778-1837, Spanish general. Sent in 1815 to put down the revolution in New Granada, he captured Cartagena , quelled (1816) the insurrection in Bogotá, and then marched into present-day Venezuela. His military occupations were ruthless and bloody. Under orders from Spain he negotiated (1820) an armistice...
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Narváez, Pánfilo de
c.1470-1528, Spanish conquistador. After service in Jamaica, he aided Diego de Velázquez in conquering Cuba and was sent (1520) to Mexico by Velázquez to force Cortés into submission. Narváez's force was defeated, and he was captured and imprisoned. Released in 1521, he returned to Spain. Charles V commissioned him to conquer and settle Florida, which he reached...
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O'Donojú, Juan
d. 1821, Spanish colonial administrator. He distinguished himself in the army and became captain general of Andalusia. Sent out (1821) as captain general and acting viceroy of New Spain, he found...
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O'Higgins, Ambrosio
1720?-1801, Spanish colonial administrator, b. Ballinary, Co. Sligo, Ireland. Educated at Cádiz, Spain, under the care of his uncle, who was a Jesuit, he went to South America as a trader. After...
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Ojeda, Alonso de
c.1466-1515?, Spanish conquistador. He joined Columbus on his second voyage and in 1499—at first accompanied by Vespucci —explored the northeastern coast of South America. In 1508 he was made governor of territories of N South America. Near present Cartagena he was defeated by the Native Americans and virtually...
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Orellana, Francisco de
d. c.1546, Spanish explorer of the Amazon River. He took part in the conquest of Peru and was a lieutenant of Gonzalo Pizarro on the expedition that started into the interior of South America in...
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Pezuela, Joaquín de la
d. 1830, Spanish general, viceroy of Peru (1816-21). During the South American wars of independence from Spain he fought against the insurgent armies but was forced to resign because of his...
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Ponce de León, Juan
c.1460-1521, Spanish explorer, first Westerner to reach Florida. He served against the Moors of Granada, and in 1493 he accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to America. From 1502 to 1504 he...
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Revilla Gigedo, Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas, conde de
1682?-1766, Spanish colonial administrator, viceroy of New Spain (1746-55). He encouraged the conquest and settlement of N Mexico, particularly under José de Escandón. His son, Juan Vicente Güemes Pacheco de Padilla, conde de Revilla Gigedo, 1740-99, b. Havana, was viceroy of New Spain (1789-94). He gave to the viceroyalty one of the finest administrations of the colonial era. He put the new administrative system of intendancies into...
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San Martín, José de
1778-1850, South American revolutionist, b. Yapeyú, in present-day Argentina. After service with the Spanish army in Europe, he returned (1812) to join the revolution against Spain in his native...
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Sucre, Antonio José de
1795-1830, South American revolutionist, b. Cumaná, Venezuela. He joined (1811) the forces fighting for independence from Spain and rose to be the chief lieutenant of Simón Bolívar. After Colombia had been liberated from the Spanish, Bolívar sent Sucre to the Quito region (now Ecuador), where he won (1822) the brilliant victory of Pichincha. Accompanying Bolívar to Peru, he distinguished himself in the revolutionary victory of Junín (Aug., 1824). Bolívar was absent, and Sucre was the chief commander when the battle of Ayacucho was...
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Teixeira, Pedro
d. 1640, Portuguese explorer, one of the early voyagers on the Amazon. He commanded the expedition sent by the governor of Maranhão up the Amazon in the autumn of 1637. He reached the upper Amazon...
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Valdivia, Pedro de
c.1500-1554, Spanish conquistador, conqueror of Chile. One of Francisco Pizarro's best officers in the conquest of Peru, educated, energetic, somewhat less cruel and avaricious than his fellow...
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Velázquez, Diego de
c.1460-1524?, Spanish conquistador, first governor of Cuba, b. Cuéllar, Spain. He sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage (1493) to Hispaniola and in 1511 commanded an expedition...
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