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Documents for "Argentinian History: Biographies":

• Alberdi, Juan Bautista 1810-84, Argentine political philosopher, patriot, and diplomat. He opposed Juan Manuel de Rosas , and after 1838 he spent years of exile in Uruguay, Chile, and in Europe writing against Rosas. After the overthrow of Rosas by Justo José de Urquiza (1852), Alberdi served on a number of diplomatic missions. His most important work, Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la república argentina, a masterpiece of political science, was published in 1852. Many of the suggestions contained in it were incorporated into the Argentine constitution of 1853. After Urquiza was defeated (1861),...

• Alfonsín, Raúl (Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Foulkes), 1927-, president of Argentina (1983-89). As leader of the Radical party, he was elected president following the bloody military rule from 1976-83, in which an...

• Alvear, Carlos María de 1789-1852, Argentine general and statesman. After distinguished service with the Spanish army in Europe, he returned to Argentina with his friend San Martín and became a leader in the domestic revolution of 1812 and a member of the constituent assembly of 1813. He was in command of the patriot army when the Spanish royalists at Montevideo capitulated...

• Alvear, Marcelo Torcuato de 1868-1942, Argentine statesman and diplomat, president of the republic (1922-28). A member of the Radical party, he became minister to France after a victory of the Radicals in 1916 placed Irigoyen in the presidency. Succeeding Irigoyen in 1922, Alvear secured enactment of some reforms, especially agricultural measures, but largely because of a split with Irigoyen his administration, on the...

• Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio 1903-70, president of Argentina (1955-58). An army general, he participated in the overthrow of Juan Perón in Sept., 1955, and that November he replaced Gen. Eduardo Lonardi as provisional president. With the vice president, Admiral Isaac Rojas, he ruled by decree, suppressing strikes and revolts and...

• Avellaneda, Nicolás 1837-85, Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1874-80). As minister of justice, religion, and public instruction under Domingo F. Sarmiento (1868-74), he introduced many banking and educational reforms. After his election as president, he suppressed a revolt led by Bartolomé Mitre, the defeated candidate. His administration was notable...

• Belgrano, Manuel 1770-1820, Argentine revolutionist. Important as a political figure, he was appointed secretary of the commercial tribunal of Buenos Aires in 1794. He vigorously championed popular education and...

• Calvo, Carlos 1824-1906, Argentine diplomat and historian. He spent much of his life in diplomatic service abroad. He edited a collection of Latin American treaties and did other historical work but was most...

• Celman, Miguel Juárez see Juárez Celman.

• Dorrego, Manuel 1787-1828, Argentine statesman and soldier, governor of Buenos Aires province (1820, 1827-28). After serving for a time in the War of Independence, he returned (1816) to Buenos Aires and became a...

• Drago, Luis María 1859-1921, Argentine statesman, jurist, and writer on international law. As minister of foreign affairs under Julio A. Roca , he dispatched (Dec. 29, 1902) a note to the Argentine minister at Washington protesting the forcible coercion of Venezuela by Great Britain, Germany, and Italy (see Venezuela Claims ). This protest set forth the Drago Doctrine, intended as a corollary of the Monroe Doctrine. Drago, apparently under the erroneous impression that the European nations were merely attempting to collect unpaid bonds, maintained that no public...

• Facundo Quiroga, Juan see Quiroga, Juan Facundo.

• Frondizi, Arturo 1908-95, president of Argentina (1958-62). A lawyer and economist, he opposed Juan Perón and rose to prominence after the latter was overthrown in 1955. A realist, he accepted Peronist support in his successful bid for the presidency in 1958. As president he attempted to revitalize the...

• Galtieri, Leopoldo Fortunato 1926-2003, Argentine general, president of Argentina (1981-82). Army commander and a member of the ruling military junta, when president he ordered the invasion of the British-held Falkland Islands , which Argentina occupied in Apr., 1982. After the British recaptured (June 14, 1982) the islands, he was forced to resign, convicted of negligence, and imprisoned (1986-89). In July, 2002, he was...

• Illia, Arturo 1900-1983, president of Argentina (1963-66). A country physician, he entered politics after 1930, and from 1948 to 1952 he was one of the few non-Perónist representatives in the national...

• Irigoyen, Hipólito 1850?-1933, Argentine political leader, president of the republic (1916-22, 1928-30). In 1896 he became the leader of the Radicals, a bourgeois reform party. By propaganda, and sometimes by...

• Juárez Celman, Miguel 1844-1909, president of Argentina (1886-90). After political service in the province of Córdoba, he became president for a six-year term. Speculation, flagrant under his predecessor Julio A. Roca , now reached its height, and the administration was notorious for corruption. Political opposition to his government increased after he left his party. A revolt in July, 1890, was suppressed, but...

• Justo, Agustín Pedro 1876-1943, president of Argentina (1932-38). An army general, he rose to prominence (1922) as minister of war under Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear and later participated in the conservative revolution...

• Kirchner, Néstor Carlos 1950-, Argentinean politician. A native of Patagonia, he is a lawyer and left-wing Peronist and, after two brief imprisonments, was in private practice during the 1976-83 military dictatorship...

• López y Planes, Vicente 1784-1856, Argentine statesman and poet. He served (1806-7) under Jacques de Liniers against the British invaders. After the resignation of Rivadavia , he became (1827) provisional president of the United Provinces of La Plata. He was a minister under Dorrego and a prominent jurist under Juan Manuel de Rosas. After the fall of Rosas, López y Planes was made (1852) governor of Buenos Aires prov. Outstanding among his poems are Triunfo argentino, a ballad celebrating the successful Argentine defense against the British, and a war song commemorating the triumph of the revolution, which was adopted as the national hymn in 1813. He was the...

• Lavalle, Juan 1797-1841, Argentine general, governor of Buenos Aires province (1828-29). He served (1816-24) in the War of Independence and (1826-28) in the war with Brazil. Returning to Buenos Aires, he led...

• Menem, Carlos Saúl 1930-, president of Argentina (1989-99). A Peronist (see Juan Domingo Perón ), he served as governor of La Rioja (1973-76, 1983-89). Imprisoned during the 1976 coup, he was released in 1981. He won the 1989 presidential elections by appealing to the deep-rooted sentiment...

• Mitre, Bartolomé 1821-1906, Argentine statesman, general, and author, president of the republic (1862-68). An opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas , he was forced into exile and had a colorful career as a soldier and journalist in Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. He returned to aid Urquiza in defeating Rosas (1852). A leader of the revolt of Buenos Aires against Urquiza's federal system, Mitre held important posts in the provincial government after Buenos Aires seceded from the...

• Moreno, Mariano 1778-1811, Argentine revolutionist and publicist. He became prominent as legal counselor to the royal audiencia and to the cabildo of Buenos Aires. His condemnation of the Spanish colonial system...

• Onganía, Juan Carlos 1914-95, president of Argentina (1966-70). He served (1963-65) as commander in chief of the army and in 1962 led a revolt within the army that purged the extreme right-wing faction. He was...

• Perón, Eva Duarte de 1919-52, Argentine political leader. The wife of Juan Perón, whom she married in 1945, she virtually co-governed the country during his first six years as president. A minor actress before she met...

• Perón, Juan Domingo 1895-1974, president of Argentina (1946-55; 1973-74).

• Pueyrredón, Juan Martín de 1776-1850, Argentine general, supreme director of the United Provinces of La Plata (1816-19). In 1806, when British troops under William Carr Beresford invaded the Río de la Plata, he organized a volunteer force, which, after a defeat outside Buenos Aires, united with the army of Liniers to recapture the city (Aug. 12). Taking an important part in the revolutionary government, he was governor of Córdoba (1810) and of Charcas (1810-11), commander of the patriot Army of the North...

• Quiroga, Horacio 1878-1937, Uruguayan short-story writer. Quiroga is considered a master of the short story. His work was deeply influenced by Kipling, Poe, Chekhov, and Maupassant as well as by the modernismo movement....

• Quiroga, Juan Facundo 1790-1835, Argentine caudillo. One of the most brutal of the early gaucho chieftains, he was called el tigre de los llanos (the tiger of the plains). After a turbulent youth, Quiroga participated briefly in the 1810 revolution against Spain and then rose rapidly to become, by 1822, virtual overlord of the Andean...

• Rivadavia, Bernardino 1780-1845, Argentine statesman and diplomat, first president of the United Provinces of La Plata (1826-27). He served (1806-7) under Jacques de Liniers against the British invaders and was a leading advocate of independence in 1810. As a member of the first triumvirate of the young republic (1811-12), he exerted a significant influence. After six...

• Roca, Julio Argentino 1843-1914, general who became president of Argentina (1880-86, 1898-1904). Minister of war under Nicolas Avellaneda , he crushed (1878-79) the Patagonians, bringing the wars against indigenous peoples to a close and opening the Pampas for colonization. During his first administration, Buenos Aires was made the...

• Rodríguez, Martín 1771-1844, Argentine general, governor of Buenos Aires prov. (1820-24). With Juan Martín de Pueyrredón , he organized a force to expel the British invaders of the Río de la Plata and later served under Jacques de Liniers in the recapture (1806) and defense (1807) of Buenos Aires. He was one of the...

• Rosas, Juan Manuel de 1793-1877, Argentine dictator, governor of Buenos Aires prov. (1829-32, 1835-52). As a boy he served under Jacques de Liniers against the British invaders of the Rio de la Plata (1806-7). Most of his youth was spent in the cattle country, where he built his fortune through large-scale ranching. As a full-fledged caudillo , he began his political career in 1820 by leading a force of gauchos in support of the conservatives and federalism. After the deposition and execution (1828) of Manuel Dorrego , he became the federalist leader. His rise to power represented the rise of the estancieros, the new landed oligarchy based on commercial ranching. Together with Estanislao López, he defeated Juan Lavalle , and became governor (1829) of Buenos Aires with dictatorial powers. Aided by López and Juan Facundo Quiroga , he waged a sanguinary campaign against the unitarians, destroying their movement, at least temporarily. He surrendered office in 1832, and went on to wage a successful expedition against the...

• Sáenz Peña, Roque 1851-1914, Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1910-14); son of an earlier president (1892-95), Luis Sáenz Peña. He had an active career as soldier, legislator, diplomat, and cabinet...

• Saavedra Lamas, Carlos 1880-1959, Argentine statesman, foreign minister (1932-38). An advocate of Pan-Americanism and of the League of Nations (he was president of the Assembly in 1936), he presided over several...

• Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 1811-88, Argentine statesman, educator, and author, president of the republic (1868-74). An opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas , he spent years of exile in Chile, becoming known as a journalist and an educational reformer. He toured Europe and North America and was impressed by the school system and the political...

• Timerman, Jacobo 1923-99, Argentine journalist, b. Ukraine. Founder (1971) of the liberal Argentine newspaper La Opinión, he focused attention on the desaparecidos, people who disappeared without a trace during the brutal military regime in Argentina (1976-82). In 1977 he was arrested. Tortured, and held until 1979—first clandestinely, then in a regular prison...

• Urquiza, Justo José de 1801-70, Argentine general and politician, president of the confederation (1854-60). As the caudillo of Entre Ríos prov., he helped sustain the power of Juan Manuel de Rosas. In 1851, resentful of the economic and political dominance of Buenos Aires, he revolted against his chief. Supported by Brazil and the Uruguayan liberals, he forced Manuel Oribe to capitulate, ending the long siege of Montevideo (Oct., 1851), and defeated Rosas at Monte Caseros (Feb. 3, 1852). Urquiza immediately began the task of national organization. He became...