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Documents for "Ancient History, Rome: Biographies":
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Adrian
Roman emperor: see Hadrian.
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Aetius
c.396-454, Roman general. At first unfriendly to Valentinian III , he later made his peace with Valentinian's mother, Galla Placidia , and was given a command in Gaul. An ambitious general, he was embroiled in difficulties with his rival Boniface , who defeated him near Rimini in 432. Aetius went briefly into exile among the Huns but returned in 433 and rose to be the chief ruler of the Western Empire. He defeated the Germans in Gaul, then...
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Agricola
(Cneius Julius Agricola) , c.AD 40-AD 93, Roman general, conqueror of Britain. After a distinguished military and political career (partly in Britain), he was made consul (AD 77) and was governor (AD 78?-AD 85?) of Britain...
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Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius
c.63 BC-12 BC, Roman general. A close friend of Octavian (later Emperor Augustus ), he won a name in the wars in Gaul before becoming consul in 37 BC He organized Octavian's fleet and is generally given much credit for the defeat (36 BC) of Sextus Pompeius in the naval battles...
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Agrippina the Elder
d. AD 33, Roman matron; daughter of Agrippa and Julia and granddaughter of Augustus. She was the wife of Germanicus Caesar and accompanied him on his provincial duties. After her husband's death (AD 19), she accused Tiberius of having Germanicus poisoned, and thereafter she was consistently on bad terms with the emperor. Exiled to Pandatería Island in the Bay of Naples, she starved herself to death. Her son Caius...
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Agrippina the Younger
d. AD 59, Roman matron; daughter of Germanicus Caesar and Agrippina the Elder. By her first husband, Cneius Domitius Ahenobarbus, she was the mother of Nero. After her brother Caligula became emperor, she had some power until she was discovered conspiring against him. She achieved her ambitions for her son after her uncle Emperor Claudius I took her as his third wife. She dominated the emperor and persuaded him to advance the interests of Nero at the expense of his own son, Britannicus. She almost certainly poisoned Claudius, thus bringing Nero to power. She quarreled with Seneca, with Claudius' secretary Narcissus, and with the other ministers. Her son, weary of her intrigues,...
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Alexander Severus
(Marcus Aurelius Alexander Severus) , d. 235, Roman emperor (222-35), b. Syria. His name was changed (221) from Alexius Bassianus when he was adopted as the successor to Heliogabalus. Although he won a triumph in a campaign (232) against Ardashir I of Persia, he could not maintain discipline among his own troops and had to retire from battle. In a mutiny on the Rhine, he and...
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Ancus Martius
fourth king of ancient Rome (640?-616? BC). This semilegendary king is supposed to have enlarged the area of Rome.
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Antinoüs
c.110-130, favorite of Emperor Hadrian, b. Bithynia. He was with the emperor constantly until on a journey in Egypt he was drowned in the Nile—some say in saving Hadrian's life. His beauty was...
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Antoninus Pius
(Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus) , AD 86-AD 161, Roman emperor (138-161). After a term as consul (120) he went as proconsul to Asia, where he governed with distinction. He was adopted by the emperor Hadrian and, on succeeding him,...
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Antony
or Marc Antony, Lat. Marcus Antonius, c.83 BC-30 BC, Roman politican and soldier. He was of a distinguished family; his mother was a relative of Julius Caesar. Antony was notorious from his youth...
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Augustus
63 BC-AD 14, first Roman emperor, a grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. Named at first Caius Octavius, he became on adoption by the Julian gens (44 BC) Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian);...
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Aurelian
(Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) , c.212-275, Roman emperor (270-75). Rising in the ranks, he became consul under Valerian. He succeeded Claudius II , whose victory over the Goths had begun the territorial rehabilitation of the empire. Aurelian conceded Dacia to the Goths but consolidated the Danubian provinces and held the barbarians beyond the...
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Balbus
(Lucius Cornelius Balbus) , fl. 1st cent. BC, Roman statesman, b. Gades (now Cádiz, Spain). He won notice for brilliant service against Sertorius, and Pompey brought him to Rome and had him made a citizen. Balbus helped to...
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Bibulus
(Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus) , d. 48 BC, Roman statesman. The colleague in the consulship with Julius Caesar in 59 BC, he did everything in his power to block each move made by Caesar. A conservative republican, he was a strong partisan of Pompey. In 51 BC he was governor of Syria, and in 48 BC he died...
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Britannicus
(Claudius Tiberius Germanicus Britannicus) , AD 41?-AD 55, Roman prince, son of Claudius I and Messalina , so called in honor of Claudius' conquests in Britain. After Claudius' marriage to Agrippina...
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Brutus
in ancient Rome, a surname of the Junian gens. Lucius Junius Brutus, fl. 510 BC, was the founder of the Roman republic. He feigned idiocy to escape death at the hands of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (see under Tarquin ). Roman historians tell how he led the Romans in expelling the Tarquins after the rape of Lucrece, how he became one of the first praetors (there were no consuls), and how he executed his sons for...
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Caesar
ancient Roman patrician family of the Julian gens. There are separate articles on its two most distinguished members, Julius Caesar and Augustus. Another distinguished member of the family was Lucius Julius Caesar, d. 87 BC, consul (90 BC). He proposed a law extending Roman citizenship to Roman allies that had not joined in the Social War against Rome (90 BC). He was killed in the beginning of the civil war...
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Caesar, Julius
(Caius Julius Caesar), 100? BC-44 BC, Roman statesman and general.
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Caligula
AD 12-AD 41, Roman emperor (AD 37-AD 41); son of Germanicus Caesar and Agrippina the Elder. His real name was Caius Caesar Germanicus. As a small child, he wore military boots, whence his nickname [ caligula =little boot]. On the death of Tiberius the army helped make Caligula emperor. Shortly afterward he became severely ill; it is widely believed that he was thereafter insane. He earned a reputation for ruthless and cruel autocracy, and...
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Calpurnia
d. after 44 BC, Roman matron. The daughter of Lucius Calpurnicus Piso Caesoninus (see under Piso , family), she was married to Julius Caesar in 59 BC She was loyal to him despite his many infidelities...
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Calvus
see under Licinius , Roman gens.
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