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Documents for "Psychology and Psychiatry: Biographies":
  • Adler, Alfred 1870-1937, Austrian psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. Although one of Sigmund Freud's earlier associates, he rejected the Freudian emphasis upon sex as the root of...
  • Allport, Gordon W. 1897-1967, American psychologist, b. Montezuma, Ind. One of the first psychologists to study personality , Allport researched human attitudes, prejudices, and religious beliefs. His theory of personality, which rejected both Freudian psychology and behaviorism, emphasized the uniqueness of the...
  • Angell, James Rowland 1869-1949, American educator and psychologist, b. Burlington, Vt., grad. Univ. of Michigan (B.A. 1890; M.A. 1891), M.A. Harvard, 1892; son of James B. Angell. After study abroad, he taught at the...
  • Baldwin, James Mark 1861-1934, American psychologist, b. Columbia, S.C., grad. Princeton (B.A., 1884; Ph.D., 1889). He taught philosophy at the Univ. of Toronto (1889-93), psychology at Princeton (1893-1903), and...
  • Beers, Clifford Whittingham 1876-1943, American founder of the mental hygiene movement, b. New Haven, Conn., grad. Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, 1897. After the publication of A Mind That Found Itself (1908), an autobiographical account of his confinement in a mental institution, he had the support of the medical profession and others in the work to prevent mental disorders. He was a leader in...
  • Bettelheim, Bruno 1903-90, American developmental psychologist, b. Austria. He received his doctoral degree (1938) from the Univ. of Vienna. He was imprisoned in the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps during...
  • Binet, Alfred 1857-1911, French psychologist. From 1894 he was director of the psychology laboratory at the Sorbonne. He is known for his research and innovation in testing human intelligence. With Théodore...
  • Bleuler, Eugen 1857-1939, Swiss psychiatrist. He taught (1898-1927) at the Univ. of Zürich, serving concurrently as director of Zürich's Burghölzi Asylum. Bleuler is well-known for his introduction (1908) of the...
  • Boring, Edwin Garrigues 1886-1968, American psychologist, b. Philadephia. He taught experimental psychology at Clark Univ. (from 1919) and at Harvard (1922-68). Boring was strongly influenced by Edward Titchener and is best...
  • Braid, James 1795?-1860, English surgeon and writer on hypnotism and magic. The first to use the term hypnotism instead of mesmerism or animal magnetism, he also demonstrated that it was achieved by suggestion....
  • Breuer, Josef 1842-1925, Austrian physician. He was the first to use (1880-82) the cathartic method to cure hysteria. His therapy and theory, when developed by Freud , became psychoanalysis. Together they wrote...
  • Brill, Abraham Arden 1874-1948, American psychiatrist, b. Austria, grad. New York Univ., 1901, M.D. Columbia, 1903. He came to the United States alone at the age of 13. After studies with C. G. Jung in Switzerland, he...
  • Burt, Cyril Lodowic 1883-1971, British psychologist. Educated at Oxford and Würzburg, he became a prominent figure in psychology. Burt made significant contributions to educational psychology, and is noted for his...
  • Cattell, Raymond B. 1905-, American psychologist, b. Staffordshire, England. He came to the United States in 1937 and served as research professor at the Univ. of Illinois (1944-73). He maintained that human...
  • Chodorow, Nancy 1944-, American psychologist. A professor at the Univ. of California at Berkeley, Chodorow has extensively pursued the question of why women desire motherhood. Using Freudian psychoanalytic...
  • Coué, Émile 1857-1926, French psychotherapist. He is remembered for his formula for curing by optimistic autosuggestion, "Day by day, in every way, I am getting better and better." His teaching achieved a vogue...
  • Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, Comte 1754-1836, French philosopher and psychologist. Although active in the Napoleonic government, he was important for his leadership of the ideologists, disciples of Condillac. This group contributed...
  • Ellis, Havelock (Henry Havelock Ellis), 1859-1939, English psychologist and author. He became a qualified physician but devoted himself to scientific study and writing. Although the first volume of the Studies in the Psychology of Sex (7 vol., 1897-1928; completed ed. 4 vol., 1936) was banned on charges of obscenity, the series—Ellis's major work—constituted a valuable contribution to the study of sex problems and had an...
  • Erikson, Erik 1902-94, American psychoanalyst, b. Germany. As a young man he traveled throughout Europe. He became a teacher in a Vienna private school and trained as a psychoanalyst (1927-33) under Anna Freud , specializing in child psychology. After emigrating to the United States in 1933, Erikson taught at Harvard (1933-36; 1960-70) and engaged in a variety of clinical work, widening the scope of...
  • Eysenck, Hans Jurgen 1916-97, British psychologist. Best known for his theory of human personality, Eysenck suggested that personality is biologically determined and is arranged in a hierarchy consisting of types,...
  • Fechner, Gustav Theodor 1801-87, German philosopher and physicist, founder of psychophysics, educated at Dresden and Leipzig. He became professor of physics at Leipzig in 1834 but was forced by ill health to leave in...
  • Freud, Anna 1895-1982, British psychoanalyst, b. Vienna, Austria. Continuing the work of her father, Sigmund Freud , she was a pioneer in the psychoanalysis of children. She received her training in Vienna before emigrating (1938) with her father to England, where she founded and directed a clinic for child...
  • Freud, Sigmund froid , 1856-1939, Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis. Born in Moravia, he lived most of his life in Vienna, receiving his medical degree from the Univ. of Vienna in 1881. ...
  • Fromm, Erich 1900-1980, psychoanalyst and author, b. Frankfurt, Germany, Ph.D. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1922. From 1929 to 1932 he lectured at the Psychoanalytic Institute, Frankfurt, and at the Univ. of...
  • Hall, Granville Stanley 1844-1924, American psychologist and educator, b. Ashfield, Mass., grad. Williams, 1867. G. Stanley Hall taught at Antioch and Harvard, studied experimental psychology in Germany, and in 1882...
  • Hartley, David 1705-57, English physician and philosopher, founder of associational psychology. In his Observations on Man (2 vol., 1749) he stated that all mental phenomena are due to sensations arising from vibrations of the white medullary substance of the brain and spinal cord. He conceived the whole mind as...
  • Horney, Karen 1885-1952, American psychiatrist, b. Germany, M.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1913. She married Oscar Horney in 1909. Prior to her arrival (1932) in the United States, she was secretary of the Berlin...
  • Janet, Pierre 1859-1947, French physician and psychologist. As director (1890-98) of the laboratory of pathological psychology at Salpêtrière and as professor of experimental and comparative psychology at the...
  • Jones, Ernest 1879-1958, British psychoanalyst, b. Wales. He taught (1910-13) at the Univ. of Toronto and was director (1908-13) of the Ontario Clinic for Nervous Diseases. He founded the International Journal of...
  • Jung, Carl Gustav 1875-1961, Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology. The son of a country pastor, he studied at Basel (1895-1900) and Zürich (M.D., 1902). After a stint at the University Psychiatric...
  • Köhler, Wolfgang 1887-1967, American psychologist, b. Estonia, Ph.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1909. From 1913 to 1920 he was director of a research station on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Later he served as both professor of...
  • Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth 1926-2004, American psychiatrist, b. Switzerland. After studying medicine at the Univ. of Zürich (M.D. 1957), Kübler-Ross became a pioneer in the field of thanatology, the study of death and...
  • Klein, Melanie 1882-1960, British psychoanalyst, b. Vienna. She became a psychoanalyst after seeking therapy from Sandor Ferenczi, a colleague of Sigmund Freud , who encouraged her to pursue her own studies with young children. She served as a member (1921-26) of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, using psychoanalytic techniques with emotionally...
  • Koffka, Kurt 1886-1941, American psychologist, b. Germany, Ph.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1908. Before settling permanently in the United States in 1928 as a professor at Smith, he taught at Cornell and at the Univ...
  • Kraepelin, Emil 1856-1926, German psychiatrist, educated at Würzburg (M.D., 1878). He also studied under Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, and was appointed professor of psychiatry at the Univ. of Dorpat, Heidelberg (1891) and Münich (1903), where he also directed a clinic. Kraepelin authored nine editions of a textbook...
  • Krafft-Ebing, Richard von 1840-1902, German physician and neurologist. Professor of psychiatry at Strasbourg (1872), Graz (1873), and Vienna (1889), he was recognized as an authority on deviant sexual behavior and its...
  • Kretschmer, Ernest 1888-1964, German psychiatrist, educated at Tübingen, Hamburg, and Münich (M.D., 1913). He served as director of the neurological clinic of the Univ. of Marburg (1926-46) and in 1946 became the...
  • Lacan, Jacques 1901-81, French psychoanalyst. After receiving a medical degree, he became a psychoanalyst in Paris. Lacan was infamous for his unorthodox methods of treatment, such as the truncated therapy...
  • Ladd, George Trumbull 1842-1921, American philosopher, b. Painesville, Ohio, grad. Western Reserve Univ., 1864, and Andover Theological Seminary, 1869. He taught at Yale from 1881 until his retirement in 1906...
  • Laing, R. D. (Ronald David Laing) , 1927-89, British psychiatrist. After studying at Univ. of Glasgow (M.D., 1951), he taught there (1953-56), later moving to the Tavistock Clinic and Institute of Human Relations (1956-89) to...
  • Lewin, Kurt 1890-1947, American psychologist, b. Germany, Ph.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1914. He taught at the Univ. of Berlin before coming to the United States in 1932. He was professor (1935-44) of child...
  • Luria, Alexander Romanovich 1902-77, Soviet psychologist. Luria made advances in many areas, including cognitive psychology, the processes of learning and forgetting, and mental retardation. One of Luria's most important...
  • Münsterberg, Hugo 1863-1916, American psychologist, b. Danzig, Ph.D. Univ. of Leipzig, 1885; M.D. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1887. At the instigation of William James he moved from Germany to Harvard to serve as...
  • Maslow, Abraham H. 1908-70, American psychologist, b. Brooklyn, New York, Ph.D. Univ. of Wisconsin (1934). He taught at Brooklyn College from 1937, then became head of the psychology department at Brandeis Univ...
  • Masters and Johnson pioneering research team in the field of human sexuality, consisting of the gynecologist William Howell Masters, 1915-2001, b. Cleveland, and the psychologist Virginia Eshelman Johnson, 1925-, b. Springfield, Mo. Authors of Human Sexual Response (1966), Human Sexual Inadequacy (1970), The Pleasure Bond (1975), Homosexuality in Perspective (1979), and (with Dr. Robert Kolodny) Crisis: Heterosexual Behavior in the Age of AIDS (1988), they established (1970) a sex-therapy program in St. Louis that became a model for clinics elsewhere, and trained other therapists in clinical counseling. Masters and Johnson were married...
  • May, Rollo 1909-94, American psychologist, b. Ada, Ohio. Previously a theological student and Congregational minister, May received his doctorate in clinical psychology from Columbia Univ. in 1949, and...
  • McDougall, William 1871-1938, American psychologist, b. Lancashire, England, educated at Cambridge, Oxford, and Gottingen. An important figure in the development of social and physiological psychology, he was a...
  • Menninger, Karl Augustus 1893-1990, and William Claire Menninger, 1899-1966, American psychiatrists, brothers, b. Topeka, Kans. The Menninger Clinic, conceived with the idea of collecting many specialists in one center, was founded in Topeka in 1919 by Karl and...
  • Meyer, Adolf 1866-1950, American neurologist and psychiatrist, b. Switzerland, M.D. Zürich, 1892. He emigrated to the United States in 1892 and was professor of psychiatry at Cornell Univ. (1904-9) and at...
  • Murray, Henry A. 1893-1988, American psychologist, b. New York City. Murray was trained in a variety of disciplines, including psychology, chemistry, and biology. He taught at Harvard (1927-62), and helped found...
  • Piaget, Jean 1896-1980, Swiss psychologist, known for his research in developmental psychology. After receiving a degree in zoology from the Univ. of Neuchâtel (1918), Piaget's interests shifted to psychology...
  • Pinel, Philippe 1745-1826, French physician, M.D. Univ. of Toulouse, 1773. After moving to Paris in 1778, he was appointed (1793) director of the Bicêtre hospital and shortly thereafter of the Salpêtrière. His Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale (2d ed. 1809), based on observations in both these hospitals, advocated humane treatment of mentally ill persons, then called the insane, and a more empirical study of mental disease. He further...
  • Prince, Morton 1854-1929, American physician, b. Boston, M.D. Harvard, 1879. He specialized in neurology and abnormal psychology as a physician in Boston and as a teacher at Tufts (1902-12) and Harvard (1926-28)...
  • Rank, Otto 1884-1937, Austrian psychoanalyst; one of Sigmund Freud's first and most valued pupils. He early employed Freudian techniques to clarify the underlying significance of myths, producing the classic...
  • Reich, Wilhelm 1897-1957, Austrian psychiatrist and biophysicist. For many years a chief associate at Freud's Psychoanalytic Polyclinic in Vienna, he later broke with Freud and the psychoanalytic movement...
  • Reik, Theodor 1888-1969, American psychologist and author, b. Vienna, Ph.D. Univ. of Vienna, 1912. He was one of Sigmund Freud's earliest and most brilliant students; their association lasted from 1910 to 1938...
  • Ribot, Théodule 1839-1916, French psychologist. He was professor of experimental psychology at the Sorbonne and later at the Collège de France. His many works include Heredity: A Psychological Study of Its...
  • Rogers, Carl 1902-87, American psychologist, b. Oak Park, Ill. In 1930, Rogers served as director of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in Rochester, New York. He lectured at the Univ. of...
  • Rosch, Eleanor 1938-, American psychologist, Ph.D. Harvard, 1969. In a series of experiments in the 1970s, Rosch demonstrated that when people label an everday object or experience, they rely less on abstract...
  • Skinner, Burrhus Frederic 1904-90, American psychologist, b. Susquehanna, Pa. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1931, and remained there as an instructor until 1936, when he moved to the Univ. of Minnesota (1937-45) and...
  • Sullivan, Harry Stack 1892-1949, American psychiatrist, b. Norwich, N.Y., M.D. Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, 1917. He was, along with his teacher William Alanson White, responsible for the extension of...
  • Terman, Lewis Madison 1877-1956, American psychologist, b. Johnson co., Ind., grad. Indiana Univ., 1902, Ph.D. Clark Univ., 1905. He joined the faculty of Stanford in 1910 and was chairman of the psychology department...
  • Thorndike, Edward Lee 1874-1949, American educator and psychologist, b. Williamsburg, Mass., grad. Wesleyan Univ., 1895, and Harvard, 1896, Ph.D. Columbia, 1898. Appointed instructor in genetic psychology at Teachers...
  • Titchener, Edward Bradford 1867-1927, American psychologist, b. Chichester, England, grad. Oxford, 1890. He studied in Leipzig (Ph.D. 1892) under Wundt (whose Principles of Physiological Psychology he translated), and in 1892...
  • Tolman, Edward Chace 1886-1959, American psychologist, b. West Newton, Mass., grad. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1911; Ph. D. Harvard, 1915. He spent most of his academic career at the Univ. of California,...
  • Vygotsky, Lev Semyonovich 1896-1934, Russian psychologist. His most productive years were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (1924-34), where he expanded his ideas on cognitive development, particularly the...
  • Watson, John Broadus 1878-1958, American psychologist, b. Greenville, S.C. He taught (1903-8) at the Univ. of Chicago and was professor and director (1908-20) of the psychological laboratory at Johns Hopkins. Watson...
  • Wertheimer, Max 1880-1943, German psychologist, b. Prague. He studied at the universities of Prague, Berlin, and Würzburg (Ph.D., 1904). His original researches, while he was a professor at Frankfurt and Berlin,...
  • Winnicott, Donald 1896-1971, British psychoanalyst, pediatrician, and child psychiatrist. He worked at the Paddington Green Children's Hospital in London for over 40 years, beginning in 1923, where he became...
  • Wundt, Wilhelm Max 1832-1920, German physiologist and psychologist. From 1875 he taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first laboratory for experimental psychology. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in...
  • Yerkes, Robert Mearns 1876-1956, American psychologist, b. Bucks co., Pa., grad. Harvard (B.A. 1898; Ph.D.1902). He taught (1902-17) at Harvard, served (1919-24) on the National Research Council, and held a post as...
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