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Documents for "Genetics and Genetic Engineering: Biographies":

• Arber, Werner 1929-, Swiss microbiologist. A professor at the Univ. of Geneva (1960-70) and later at the Univ. of Basel (1971-), Arber worked with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Othanel Smith to understand the nature of genes. The trio discovered and used certain enzymes that break down genetic material in order to study hereditary mutation in bacteria. For their work the three shared...

• Baltimore, David 1938-, American microbiologist, b. New York City, Ph.D. Rockefeller Univ., 1964. He conducted (1965-68) virology research at the Salk Institute before becoming a professor at Massachusetts...

• Beadle, George Wells 1903-89, American geneticist, b. Wahoo, Nebr., grad. Univ. of Nebraska (B.S., 1926; M.S., 1927), Ph.D. Cornell, 1931. Beadle taught (1931-36) biology at the California Institute of Technology,...

• Berg, Paul 1926-, American biologist, b. New York City, Ph.D. Western Reserve Univ., 1952. A professor at Washington Univ. at St. Louis and Stanford Univ., he shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics (with...

• biotechnology the use of biological processes, as through the exploitation and manipulation of living organisms or biological systems, in the development or manufacture of a product or in the technological...

• Bridges, Calvin Blackman 1889-1938, American geneticist, b. Schuyler Falls, N.Y., grad. Columbia (B.S., 1912; Ph.D., 1916). In his research he collaborated with T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, and H. J. Muller, the group...

• Crick, Francis Harry Compton 1916-2004, English scientist, grad. University College, London, and Caius College, Cambridge. Crick was trained as a physicist, and from 1940 to 1947 he served as a scientist in the admiralty,...

• Dobzhansky, Theodosius 1900-1975, American geneticist, b. Russia, grad. Univ. of Kiev, 1921. He emigrated to the United States in 1927 and was naturalized in 1937. Dobzhansky taught at the California Institute of...

• Galton, Sir Francis 1822-1911, English scientist, founder of eugenics; cousin of Charles Darwin. He turned from exploration and meteorology (where he introduced the theory of the anticyclone ) to the study of heredity and eugenics (a term that he coined). Galton devised the correlation coefficient and brought other statistical methods into this work, which was carried on by his pupil Karl Pearson as the science of biometrics. In his Hereditary Genius (1869) he presented strong evidence that talent is an inherited characteristic. Galton established a system of classifying fingerprints that is still used today. He was knighted in 1909. The best...

• Gilbert, Walter 1932-, American molecular biologist, b. Boston, Ph.D. Cambridge Univ., 1957. In 1968 he became a professor of biophysics at Harvard, where he had taught since 1959. He helped formulate a method for...

• Goldschmidt, Richard Benedikt 1878-1958, American zoologist and geneticist, b. Germany, Ph.D. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1902. Goldschmidt taught at the Univ. of Munich (1903-14) and was at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin, from...

• Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson 1892-1964, British geneticist, biologist, and popularizer of science; son of John Scott Haldane. As one of the most influential scientists of the 20th cent, he studied relationships among different disciplines and problems, including the consequence of Mendelian genetics on evolutionary...

• Lederberg, Joshua 1925-, American geneticist, b. Montclair, N.J., grad. Columbia, 1944, Ph.D. Yale, 1948. He is known for his studies of the genetic mechanisms of bacteria. He shared with G. W. Beadle and E. L...

• Lewis, Edward B. 1918-2004, American geneticist, b. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., grad. California Institute of Technology (Ph.D. 1942). After serving as a meteorologist with the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, he...

• Müller, Hermann 1876-1931, German statesman. A Social Democrat, he succeeded in 1919 to the post of German foreign minister and signed the Treaty of Versailles. He was chancellor in 1920 and again from 1928 to...

• McClintock, Barbara 1902-92, American geneticist. She discovered that certain genetic material, "transposable elements," shifted its location in the chromosomes from generation to generation. At first ignored, her research was later recognized as a major contribution to DNA research. In 1983 she was awarded the Nobel...

• Mendel, Gregor Johann 1822-84, Austrian monk noted for his experimental work on heredity. He entered the Augustinian monastery in Brno in 1843, taught at a local secondary school, and carried out independent scientific investigations on garden peas and other plants until his election...

• Morgan, Thomas Hunt 1866-1945, American zoologist, b. Lexington, Ky., Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1890. He was professor of experimental zoology at Columbia (1904-28) and from 1928 was director of the laboratory of...

• Muller, Hermann Joseph 1890-1967, American geneticist and educator, b. New York City, grad. Columbia (B.A., 1910; Ph.D., 1916). A student of Thomas Hunt Morgan , he taught (1915-18) at Rice Institute, Tex., at Columbia (1918-20), and at the Univ. of Texas from 1920 until he became senior geneticist (1933-37) of the Institute of Genetics in Moscow. In 1945...

• Nathans, Daniel 1928-99, American microbiologist, b. Wilmington, Del., M.D. Washington Univ., St. Louis, 1954. He became a professor at Johns Hopkins Univ. in 1962. Nathans worked with Werner Arber and Hamilton Othanel Smith in studying the nature of genes. The trio discovered and used biochemical "scalpels" called restriction enzymes that can cut genetic material into pieces for various studies and applications. The restriction enzyme technique, a fundamental tool in modern genetic research, helped...

• Pearson, Karl 1857-1936, English scientist. He studied law, taught geometry, and applied mathematics and mechanics, and in 1911 became professor of eugenics at the Univ. of London and director of the eugenics...

• Smith, Hamilton Othanel 1931-, American biologist, b. New York City, M.D. Johns Hopkins Univ., 1956. A professor at the Univ. of Michigan and Johns Hopkins Univ., Smith worked with Daniel Nathans and Werner Arber studying the nature of genes. The trio discovered and used certain enzymes that break down genetic material in order to study hereditary mutation in bacteria. For their work the three received the...

• Watson, James Dewey 1928-, American biologist and educator, b. Chicago, Ill., grad. Univ. of Chicago, 1947, Ph.D. Univ. of Indiana, 1950. With F. H. C. Crick he began (1951) research on the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge Univ. Their findings, published in 1953, resulted in the joint award to...

• Weismann, August 1834-1914, German biologist. He taught zoology at the Univ. of Freiburg from 1866 to 1912. He is known as the originator of the germ-plasm theory of heredity. His doctrine, formerly called Weismannism,...

• Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick 1916-2004, British biophysicist, b. New Zealand, Ph.D. Univ. of Birmingham, 1940. He conducted research at the Univ. of St. Andrews, Scotland, and at Kings College, the Univ. of London (from 1946...

• Wright, Sewall 1889-1988, American geneticist, b. Melrose, Mass., B.S. Lombard College, 1911, M.S. Univ. of Illinois, 1912, D.Sc. Harvard, 1915. From 1915 to 1925 he worked in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the...