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Documents for "Language and Linguistics: Biographies":

• Šafařik, Pavel Josef 1795-1861, Czech philologist and archaeologist; his name is also spelled Schafarik and Schafřík. Šafařik advanced the theory that the Slavs originally were a composite people with a common...

• Aram, Eugene 1704-59, English philologist, b. Yorkshire. A self-taught linguist, Aram was the first to identify the Celtic languages as related to the other languages of Europe. In 1758, while at work on an...

• Bloomfield, Leonard 1887-1949, American linguist, b. Chicago. Bloomfield was professor at Ohio State Univ. (1921-27), at the Univ. of Chicago (1927-40), and at Yale (from 1940). His specialty for years was Germanic...

• Bopp, Franz 1791-1867, German philologist. A professor at the Univ. of Berlin from 1821 to 1864, he did research in many languages and earned a great reputation as a scholar by demonstrating the relationship...

• Bréal, Michel Jules Alfred 1832-1915, French philologist. He is best known for his Essai de semantique (1897), which gave great impetus to scientific interest in the field of semantics.

• Brugmann, Karl 1849-1919, German philologist. A professor at Leipzig, Brugmann believed that scientific rules of linguistics do not admit of exceptions. With the help of others, notably Hermann Osthoff, Wilhelm...

• Buck, Carl Darling 1866-1955, American philologist, b. Orlando, Maine. Buck taught at the Univ. of Chicago from 1892 to 1933. His Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian (1904) is still authoritative.

• Budé, Guillaume 1467-1540, French humanist, b. Paris. Budé, known also by the Latinized form of his name, Budaeus, was a towering figure of the Renaissance. He was secretary to Louis XII, coming to power and...

• Bugge, Sophus 1833-1907, Norwegian philologist. He made a notable edition of the Old Norse runes, and his was the first critical edition (1881-89; 2d series 1896) of the poems of the Eddas.

• Castrén, Matthias Alexander 1813-52, Finnish philologist, one of the first scholars to study the Finno-Ugric languages. Castrén was long a professor at the Univ. of Helsingfors (now Helsinki).

• Chomsky, Noam 1928-, educator and linguist, b. Philadelphia. Chomsky, who has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1955, developed a theory of transformational (sometimes called generative...

• Chrysoloras, Manuel c.1350-1415, Greek teacher and writer, b. Constantinople. Traveling to Italy on a diplomatic mission, he became celebrated for his teaching and introduced Greek literature into Florence and other...

• Craigie, Sir William A. 1867-1957, British lexicographer, b. Dundee, Scotland. Educated at the Univ. of St. Andrews, Craigie studied Scandinavian languages at Copenhagen before beginning in 1893 his career as lecturer at...

• Diez, Friedrich Christian 1794-1876, German philologist. A professor at Bonn, Diez is noted as one of the founders of the science of Romanic philology. His great works were a grammar of the Romanic languages (1836; later...

• Dobrovský, Josef 1753-1829, Hungarian philologist, of Bohemian parentage. In 1792 the Royal Bohemian Academy of Sciences commissioned Dobrovský to recover Bohemian manuscripts lost in the Thirty Years War. He is...

• Donatus (Aelius Donatus) , fl. 353, Roman grammarian; teacher of St. Jerome. His only well-known work, the Ars grammatica [elements of grammar], was throughout the Middle Ages the standard elementary Latin...

• Erpenius, Thomas 1584-1624, Dutch Orientalist, whose name in Dutch was Van Erpe. Erpenius was one of the most celebrated scholars of his day and wrote several grammars of Middle Eastern languages, notably one of...

• Fürst, Julius 1805-73, German Orientalist. Fürst was a distinguished scholar of Semitic languages and literature of his time. During his years as chairman of the department of Oriental languages and literature...

• Festus (Sextus Pompeius Festus), fl. some time between AD 100 and 400, Roman lexicographer; his surviving work, On the Meaning of Words, is an abridgment of the lost glossary of Marcus Verrius Flaccus. It...

• Fick, August 1833-1916, German philologist. Fick compiled the first comparative etymological dictionary of the Indo-European languages (1868).

• Fowler, Henry Watson 1858-1933, English lexicographer, b. Devon, educated at Oxford. Both he and his brother, Francis G. Fowler (1870-1918), had been teachers before they began their literary collaboration with a...

• Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der 1807-74, German linguist. Gabelentz showed the broad relationships among Pacific languages. He spoke 30 languages well and knew some 50 others. His son, Hans Georg Canon von der Gabelentz...

• Grassmann, Hermann Günther 1809-77, German mathematician and Sanskrit scholar, educated in Berlin. He invented a new algebra of vectors (somewhat similar to quaternions), presented in his book Die Ausdehnungslehre (1844, 4th ed. 1969). He composed a translation of the Rig-Veda (1876-77). The linguistic law reformulated by (and named for) him holds that in Indo-European bases, especially in Sanskrit and...

• Grierson, Sir George Abraham 1851-1941, Irish philologist. Besides writing grammars of many modern Indian vernaculars, Grierson directed the compilation of the great Linguistic Survey of India (19 vol., 1894-1927).

• Grotefend, Georg Friedrich 1775-1853, German archaeologist and philologist. He specialized in Latin and Italian and wrote works on the Umbrian and Oscan languages and other subjects, but his greatest achievement was...

• Hesychius of Alexandria fl. 5th cent.?, Alexandrian grammarian. Hesychius is known as the compiler of an invaluable lexicon, a glossary of unusual words and expressions occurring in Greek writings. The material is drawn...

• Jakobson, Roman 1896-1982, Russian-American linguist and literary critic, b. Moscow. He coined the term structural linguistics and stressed that the aim of historical linguistics is the study not of isolated...

• Jespersen, Otto 1860-1943, Danish philologist. Professor of English language and literature at the Univ. of Copenhagen and later rector there, Jespersen first earned a reputation for brilliant work in phonetics...

• Jones, Sir William 1746-94, English philologist and jurist. Jones was celebrated for his understanding of jurisprudence and of Oriental languages. He published an Essay on the Law of Bailments (1781), widely used in America as well as in England. For 11 years he was a supreme court judge in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta. Through the...

• Junius, Franciscus 1589-1677, French philologist; son of Franciscus Junius (1545-1602), French Huguenot theologian. The younger Franciscus Junius was born in Heidelberg and lived chiefly in Holland and England. A...

• Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović 1787-1864, Serbian philologist and folklorist, of Moldavian descent. During his lifetime Karadžić published 10 volumes of Serbian folk poetry. He inaugurated language reforms and adopted the...

• Korzybski, Alfred Habdank 1879-1950, Polish-American linguist, b. Warsaw. In his system, which he called General Semantics, Korzybski aimed at a distinction between the word and the object it describes and between the...

• Krapp, George Philip 1872-1934, American scholar, b. Cincinnati. Krapp joined the faculty of Columbia Univ. in 1897, was professor of English at the Univ. of Cincinnati (1908-10) and at Columbia (1910-34). An authority...

• Lagarde, Paul Anton de 1827-91, German Orientalist. Lagarde was one of the most important biblical critics and Middle Eastern philologists of his century. His work included studies in Iranian, Syriac, Greek, Arabic, and...

• Lascaris, Constantine d. 1501?, Greek grammarian. After the fall of Constantinople, Lascaris went to Italy and in Milan obtained the patronage of Francesco Sforza. His Greek grammar (1476) was the first book printed in...

• Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile 1801-81, French lexicographer. Known as a positivist philosopher and as professor of history and geography at the École polytechnique, Littré is best remembered for his dictionary of the French...

• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm 1861-1936, Swiss philologist. Meyer-Lübke taught at the universities of Jena, Vienna, and Bonn. He was the author of many works on Romance languages, chief among them being a four-volume grammar...

• Murray, Lindley 1745-1826, American grammarian, b. Pennsylvania. Murray practiced law until the Revolution, during which he acquired a fortune, and in 1784 went to live in England. A Quaker minister, he devoted...

• Murray, Sir James Augustus Henry 1837-1915, English lexicographer. In 1879 he assumed the editorship of the New English Dictionary (the Oxford English Dictionary ), which was his life's work (see dictionary ). Murray was a guiding...

• Norris, Edwin 1795-1872, English philologist. Norris wrote a number of articles on little-known languages of Asia and Africa. His most important work was his uncompleted Assyrian Dictionary (3 vol., 1868-72), which...

• Onions, C. T. (Charles Talbut Onions), 1873-1965, English philologist, lexicographer, author, and editor. After a post with British Naval Intelligence in World War I, he held a fellowship at Magdalen College,...

• Panini fl. c.400 BC, Indian grammarian. His Ashtādhyāyī [eight books] (tr. 1891) is one of the earliest works of descriptive linguistics and is also the first individually authored treatise on Sanskrit. Each of its 3,995 rules governing roots and...

• Partridge, Eric Honeybrook 1894-1979, British lexicographer; b. New Zealand. He studied in Australia and at Oxford, taught briefly in England, and founded a small publishing company. For 50 years he devoted himself to the...

• Priscian (Priscianus Caesariensis) , fl. 500, Latin grammarian, b. Caesarea in Mauretania. Priscian taught grammar at Constantinople. His Commentarii grammatici, in 18 books, was long a standard text, and...

• Rask, Rasmus Christian 1787-1832, Danish philologist. Rask was a major linguistic pioneer. He published one of the first usable Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic grammars (translated into English). Rask also produced much...

• Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke 1810-95, English Orientalist and administrator; brother of George Rawlinson. In the course of his service with the Persian army and as consul at Baghdad, Rawlinson became interested in deciphering...

• Roget, Peter Mark 1779-1869, English physician and lexicographer. For 50 years while he practiced medicine and was secretary of the Royal Society (1827-49), Roget prepared his Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases...

• Rougé, Emmanuel, vicomte de 1811-72, French Egyptologist. Rougé was curator of the Egyptian section of the Louvre and professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France. He and Lepsius produced a consistent system for the interpretation of discoveries, and he worked out fundamental principles for studying Egyptian texts. Rougé sought to prove that the Semitic alphabet had an...

• Sacy, Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de 1758-1838, French Orientalist. Sacy's works on Arabic were pioneering, and he was one of the founders of modern Arabic studies in France.

• Salmasius, Claudius 1588-1653, French humanist and philologist. Salmasius is known in French as Claude de Saumaise. After studying Latin and Greek with his father, he began a law career at Dijon in 1610. He turned to...

• Sapir, Edward 1884-1939, American linguist and anthropologist, b. Pomerania. Sapir was brought to the United States in 1889. After teaching at the Univ. of California and the Univ. of Pennsylvania, he served...

• Saumaise, Claude de see Salmasius, Claudius.

• Saussure, Ferdinand de 1857-1913, Swiss linguist. One of the founders of modern linguistics , he established the structural study of language, emphasizing the arbitrary relationship of the linguistic sign to that which it signifies. Saussure distinguished synchronic linguistics (studying...

• Scaliger, Julius Caesar 1484-1558, Italian philologist and physician in France. Scaliger studied medicine and settled in France (1526), where he worked as a physician. A scholar of profound erudition, Scaliger was...

• Schafřík, Pavel Josef see Šafařik, Pavel Josef.

• Schafarik, Pavel Josef see Šafařik, Pavel Josef.

• Scherer, Wilhelm 1841-86, German philologist, b. Austria. Scherer held professorships at the universities of Vienna, Strasbourg, and Berlin. His History of German Literature (1883, tr. 1886) and his history of the German language (1868) are his best-known works. Through his writings ran a strong sense of nationalism. Scherer was one of the first to maintain that the...

• Schleicher, August 1821-68, German philologist. A professor at the universities of Prague and Jena, Schleicher wrote studies of the Lithuanian language (1856-57), the German language (1860), and the language of the...

• Shakhmatov, Aleksey Aleksandrovich 1864-1920, Russian philologist and historian. Shakhmatov's many books on the history of the Russian language and the chronicles, among them Studies in Ancient Russian Chronicles (1908) and Outline...

• Sibawaihi c.760-793, Persian grammarian, considered the most important Arabic grammarian. His book al-Kitah fi'l nahwi is the first complete Arabic grammar, upon which all other Arabic grammars are based. It classified words according to function and established rules for vowel endings. The work is filled with...

• Silvestre de Sacy see Sacy, Antoine Isaac, Baron Silvestre de.

• Skeat, Walter William 1835-1912, English scholar and philologist. Skeat took holy orders in 1860, but illness cut short his church career. At Cambridge he served as a lecturer in mathematics (1864-71), began the study...

• Smith, Sir William 1813-93, English editor and lexicographer. He was editor of the Quarterly Review from 1867 until his death and also edited reference works esteemed for their accuracy and comprehensiveness. These included dictionaries of Greek and Roman antiquities (1842), biography and...

• Sweet, Henry 1845-1912, English philologist and phonetician. An authority on Anglo-Saxon and the history of the English language, Sweet was also a pioneer in modern scientific phonetics. His History of English Sounds...

• Taylor, Isaac 1829-1901, English clergyman, antiquarian, and author, chiefly noted for researches in philology. In 1885, Taylor became canon of York. His inclination toward controversy led to the writing of...

• Thomsen, Vilhelm 1842-1927, Danish philologist. For many years Thomsen was professor of comparative philology at the Univ. of Copenhagen, where he did important work in Indo-European linguistics. His best-known...

• Vaugelas, Claude Favre de 1585-1650, French grammarian. He set up, in his Remarques sur la langue française (1647), the usage of cultured people as the standard for French.

• Ventris, Michael George Francis 1922-56, English linguist. Ventris was a student of architecture, but he became interested in the untranslated Mycenaean scripts, particularly Linear B, which was found at Knossos, Pylos, and other...

• Verner, Karl Adolf 1846-96, Danish philologist. Verner was a librarian at the Univ. of Halle (now in E Germany) and a professor of Slavonic languages at the Univ. of Copenhagen. His fame rests on Verner's law, a linguistic formulation showing that certain consonantal alternations in Germanic languages are the result of patterns of alternation in the position of word accent in the parent language. This...

• Verrius Flaccus, Marcus fl. 20 BC, Roman grammarian. A freedman, he was appointed by Augustus to educate his grandsons and died at an advanced age during the reign of Tiberius. Of his numerous works, only one, his...

• Webster, Noah 1758-1843, American lexicographer and philologist, b. West Hartford, Conn., grad. Yale, 1778. After serving in the American Revolution, Webster practiced law in Hartford. His Grammatical Institute of the English Language, in three parts, speller, grammar, and reader (1783-85), was the first of a list of publications which made him for many years the chief American authority on English. The first part, often revised,...

• Weinreich, Uriel 1926-67, Polish-American linguist, b. Vilnius, Poland (now in Lithuania), Ph.D. Columbia Univ., 1951. Weinreich taught linguistics at Columbia (1951-67) and is noted for his contributions to...

• Wheeler, Benjamin Ide 1854-1927, American educator and classical scholar, b. Randolph, Mass. Wheeler was a professor of Greek and comparative philology at Cornell Univ. before serving as president of the Univ. of...

• Whitney, William Dwight 1827-94, American Sanskrit scholar and lexicographer, b. Northampton, Mass. After studying in Germany, Whitney became professor of Sanskrit and of comparative philology at Yale. He was outstanding...

• Whorf, Benjamin Lee 1897-1941, American linguist and anthropologist, b. Winthrop, Mass. Although he was trained in chemical engineering and worked for an insurance company, Whorf made substantial contributions to...

• Zamenhof, L. L. see Esperanto.

• Zeuss, Johann Caspar 1806-56, German philologist. Zeuss's principal scholarly achievement was his establishment of the basis for the study of Celtic in his Grammatica celtica (1853, in Latin). Totally ignored by the academic...