Documents for "European Art, 1600 to the Present":

• École des Beaux-Arts [Fr.,=school of fine arts], French national school of fine arts, on the Quai Malaquais, Paris, founded in 1648 by Charles Le Brun with the consent of Cardinal Mazarin as the Académie de peinture et de sculpture; the title was changed in 1793, when it merged with the Académie d'architecture, founded in 1671 by Jean Baptiste Colbert. It includes departments of painting, graphic arts, and sculpture and is free to artists whose previous training enables them to pass the entrance examinations. Architecture was taught at the...

• abstract art see abstract expressionism ; modern art.

• action painting see abstract expressionism.

• art moderne see art deco.

• art nouveau decorative-art movement centered in Western Europe. It began in the 1880s as a reaction against the historical emphasis of mid-19th-century art, but did not survive World War I. Art nouveau...

• assemblage see collage.

• Barbizon school an informal school of French landscape painting that flourished c.1830-1870. Its name derives from the village of Barbizon, a favorite residence of the painters associated with the school...

• baroque in art and architecture, a style developed in Europe, England, and the Americas during the 17th and early 18th cent.

• Bauhaus school of art and architecture in Germany. The Bauhaus revolutionized art training by combining the teaching of the pure arts with the study of crafts. Philosophically, the school was built on the...

• Beaux-Arts, École des see École des Beaux-Arts.

• Blaue Reiter, der [Ger.,=the blue rider], German expressionist art movement, lasting from 1911 to 1914. It took its name from a painting by Kandinsky, Le cavalier bleu. Following the Brücke artists of the previous decade, this second wave of expressionism was led by Kandinsky , Klee , Marc , and Macke , in Munich. Through the use of distorted forms and startling color, they sought to discover spiritual truths that they felt the impressionists had overlooked. Less united stylistically and as a...

• Blue Rider see Blaue Reiter, der.

• Brücke, Die [Ger.,=the bridge], German expressionist art movement, lasting from 1905 to 1913. Influenced by the art of Jugendstil (the German equivalent of art nouveau), Van Gogh, and the primitive sculpture of Africa and the South Seas, the Brücke group developed an art of fervent emotionalism. Founded in Dresden by Kirchner, Schmidt-Rottluff, and Heckel, the group invited Nolde and Pechstein to join in 1906 and Otto Mueller in 1910. They...

• Canadian art and architecture the various types and styles arts and structures produced in the geographic area that now constitutes Canada.

• Cluny Museum 14th- and 15th-century Gothic and Renaissance structure in Paris, built by Pierre de Chaslus, abbot of Cluny, and rebuilt by Jacques d'Ambroise. The site is that of the ancient Roman baths of...

• collage [Fr.,=pasting], technique in art consisting of cutting and pasting natural or manufactured materials to a painted or unpainted surface—hence, a work of art in this medium. The art of collage was...

• constructivism Russian art movement founded c.1913 by Vladimir Tatlin , related to the movement known as suprematism. After 1916 the brothers Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner gave new impetus to Tatlin's art of purely abstract (although politically intended) constructions. Their sculptural works derived from cubism and futurism , but had a more architectonic and machinelike emphasis related to the technology of the society in which they were created. The Soviet regime at first encouraged this new style. However, beginning...

• cubism art movement, primarily in painting, originating in Paris c.1907.

• Dada or Dadaism , international nihilistic movement among European artists and writers that lasted from 1916 to 1922. Born of the widespread disillusionment engendered by World War I, it originated in Zürich with...

• divisionism see postimpressionism.

• expressionism term used to describe works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision. The expressionist transforms nature rather than imitates it. ...

• fauvism [Fr. fauve =wild beast], name derisively hurled at and cheerfully adopted by a group of French painters, including Matisse, Rouault, Derain, Vlaminck, Friesz, Marquet, van Dongen, Braque, and Dufy. Although...

• futurism Italian school of painting, sculpture, and literature that flourished from 1909, when Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's first manifesto of futurism appeared, until the end of World War I. Carlo Carrà,...

• Grandville see Gérard, Jean Ignace Isidore.

• Grosvenor Gallery founded in London (1877) by Sir Coutts Lindsay (1839-1913), for the independent exhibition (opening May 1 annually) of paintings and sculpture by established artists, both Academicians and moderns...

• impressionism in painting, late-19th-century French school that was generally characterized by the attempt to depict transitory visual impressions, often painted directly from nature, and by the use of pure,...

• Jugendstil see art nouveau.

• Kiefer, Anselm 1945-, German painter, one of the major figures of neoexpressionism , b. Donaueschingen. He studied (1970) with Joseph Beuys , who heavily influenced his work. His large paintings of the 1970s and early 1980s, with their strongly symbolic themes of a savage and contemptible Nazi past (e.g., Shulamite, 1983) and a sere German landscape (e.g., The Meistersinger, 1982), are characterized by broad drawing, scorched and bloody colors, use of unusual materials (straw, metal, pottery shards, glass, sand, etc.), and often the addition of photographs and...

• Macchiaioli, I a group of Italian artists active primarily in Florence c.1855-65. Influenced by members of the Barbizon school , the Macchiaioli reacted against stilted academic art and worked to emphasize painterly immediacy and freshness. Silvestro Lega, Giovanni Fattori, Vito d'Ancona, Giovanni (Nino) Costa, and Giovanni...

• modern art art created from the 19th cent. to the mid-20th cent. by artists who veered away from the traditional concepts and techniques of painting, sculpture, and other fine arts that had been practiced...

• Nabis [Heb.,=prophets], a group of artists in France active during the 1890s. Paul Sérusier and Maurice Denis were the principal theorists of the group. Outstanding members were Édouard Vuillard , Pierre Bonnard , Aristide Maillol , Félix Vallotton , and the lesser known Ker Xavier Roussel. The group held its first exhibition in 1892. Influenced by Gauguin , the Nabis developed a style characterized by flat areas of boldly juxtaposed but muted colors and heavily outlined surface patterns. They were unified by the decorative character of their work and...

• Nazarenes group of German artists of the early 19th cent., who attempted to revive Christian art. In 1809, J. F. Overbeck and Franz Pforr formed an art cooperative in Vienna called the Brotherhood of St...

• neoimpressionism see postimpressionism.

• Neue Sachlichkeit see new objectivity.

• new objectivity (Ger. Neue Sachlichkeit ), German art movement of the 1920s. The chief painters of the movement were George Grosz and Otto Dix, who were sometimes called verists. They created styles of bitter realism and protest that...

• orphism a short-lived movement in art founded in 1912 by Robert Delaunay , Frank Kupka , the Duchamp brothers, and Roger de la Fresnaye. Apollinaire coined the term orphism to describe the lyrical, shimmering...

• pointillism see postimpressionism.

• postimpressionism term coined by Roger Fry to refer to the work of a number of French painters active at the end of the 19th cent. who, although they developed their varied styles quite independently, were united in...

• Pre-Raphaelites brotherhood of English painters and poets formed in 1848 in protest against the low standards of British art. The principal founders were D. G. Rossetti , W. Holman Hunt , and John Millais. In poetry as well as painting, the Pre-Raphaelites turned away from the growing materialism of industrialized England. They sought refuge, through literary symbolism and imagery, in the beauty and...

• Prix de Rome, Grand prize awarded annually by the French government, through competitive examination, to students of the fine arts. It entitles them to four years' study at the Académie de France à Rome. The prize is...

• realism in art, the movement of the mid-19th cent. formed in reaction against the severely academic production of the French school. Realist painters sought to portray what they saw without idealizing it,...

• Royal Academy of Arts London, the national academy of art of England, founded in 1768 by George III at the instigation of Sir William Chambers and Benjamin West. Sir Joshua Reynolds was the Academy's first president, holding the office until his death in 1792. His Discourses defined the scope of the Academy. The king himself chose the original 36 Academicians and fixed the number at 40. Until 1867 their successors were elected by the Academicians only and since that...

• Salon annual exhibition of art works chosen by jury and presented by the French Academy since 1737; it was originally held in the Salon d'Apollon of the Louvre. By the mid-19th cent. the Salon had become...

• school of Paris The center of international art until after World War II, Paris was a mecca for artists who flocked there to participate in the most advanced aesthetic currents of their time. The school of Paris...

• suprematism Russian art movement founded (1913) by Casimir Malevich in Moscow, parallel to constructivism. Malevich drew Aleksandr Rodchenko and El Lissitzky to his revolutionary, nonobjective art. In Malevich's words, suprematism sought "to liberate art from the ballast of the representational world." It consisted of geometrical shapes flatly painted on the pure canvas surface. Malevich's white square on a white ground (Mus. of Modern Art, New York City) embodied the movement's principles...

• surrealism literary and art movement influenced by Freudianism and dedicated to the expression of imagination as revealed in dreams, free of the conscious control of reason and free of convention. The...

• Tate Gallery London, originally the National Gallery of British Art. The original building (in Millbank on the former site of Millbank Prison), with a collection of 65 modern British paintings, was given by Sir...

• verism artistic style in which photographic realism is combined with hallucinatory or ironic images. Its practitioners, including Salvador Dalí and Yves Tanguy , often make use of Renaissance concepts...

• vorticism short-lived 20th-century art movement related to futurism. Its members sought to simplify forms into machinelike angularity. Its principal exponent was a French sculptor, Gaudier-Brzeska. The movement,...

• Wallace Collection see under Wallace, Sir Richard.