Documents for "European Art to 1599: Biographies":

• Abati, Niccolò dell' see Abbate, Niccolò dell'.

• Abbate, Niccolò dell' 1512?-1571, Italian mannerist painter. From c.1552 he assisted Primaticcio in the decorations at Fontainebleau. He was one of the first in France to paint landscapes. Among them is the Landscape with...

• Aeken, Jerom van see Bosch, Hieronymus.

• Aertsen, Pieter 1503?-1575, Dutch painter, b. Amsterdam. Aertsen painted genre scenes (see genre ) that are lighthearted in spirit. He also painted religious subjects, including a few surviving altarpieces. Aertsen...

• Agasias of Ephesus fl. 1st cent. BC, Greek sculptor. His Borghese Warrior, discovered in the 17th cent., is in the Louvre.

• Agatharchus fl. 5th cent. BC, Greek painter of the Athenian school, b. Samos. He is credited by Vitruvius with important discoveries in application of shading and perspective and was the first painter of scenery...

• Ageladas c.540-c.460 BC, Greek sculptor of the Argive school, famous for his statues of gods and Olympian athletes. Some modern authorities, such as R. Ross Holloway, claim that Ageladas was the teacher of...

• Agesander see Laocoön.

• Agoracritus fl. 5th cent. BC, Athenian sculptor born on the island of Paros, said to have been the favorite pupil of Phidias. His best-known work was the colossal Nemesis at Rhamnus in Attica, erroneously ascribed...

• Agostino di Duccio b. 1418, d. after 1481, Florentine sculptor. Agostino worked mainly in other parts of Italy; he carved marble narrative reliefs for the facade of the cathedral at Modena, decorated portions of the...

• Albertinelli, Mariotto 1474-1515, Italian painter. A product of the Florentine school of the High Renaissance, Albertinelli was influenced by Leonardo and Raphael. His best-known works are The Visitation (1503; Uffizi)...

• Alcamenes fl. 5th cent. BC, Athenian sculptor, said to have been a pupil and rival of Phidias. He worked in gold, ivory, and bronze. His Aphrodite of the Gardens at Athens was one of the first sculptures to display the body in detail beneath drapery. Pausanias erroneously attributed to him the sculptures of the west pediment of the temple of Zeus at...

• Altdorfer, Albrecht 1480-1538, German painter and engraver. He served as city architect of Regensburg, where much of his life was spent. Although influenced by Dürer, Altdorfer's works are less severe in mood...

• Altichiero da Zevio c.1330-c.1395, Italian painter, follower of Giotto. He worked in Verona and then Padua. His frescoes in the churches of Sant' Antonio and San Giorgio in Padua are notable as early examples of the...

• Amato, Giovanni Antonio d' 1475-1555, Neapolitan painter, called Il Vecchio [the elder]. He imitated the style of Pietro Perugino. Paintings by him are in many churches in Naples, among them the Holy Family in a chapel of San...

• Ambrogio Stefani da Fossano see Bergognone.

• Ammanati, Bartolomeo 1511-92, Italian sculptor and architect. He studied under Bandinelli in Florence and assisted Jacopo Sansovino in his work on the Library of St. Mark's, Venice. Ammanati, whose style was greatly...

• Andrea del Sarto see Sarto, Andrea del.

• Angelico, Fra c.1400-1455, Florentine painter, b. Vicchio, Tuscany. He was variously named Guido (his baptismal name), or Guidolino, di Pietro; and Giovanni da Fiesole. After his death he was called Il Beato...

• Anguisciola, Sofonisba 1532-1625, Italian painter, b. Verona, Italy. Born to a noble family, she studied first with Michelangelo and painted primarily portraits of herself and her family members. Although she never...

• Antelami, Benedetto c.1150-c.1225, Italian sculptor. Considered the most important sculptor of the late Romanesque period in N Italy, Antelami was an aesthetic forebear of Nicola and Giovanni Pisano. His relief carvings emphasize rhythmic design by means of drapery details on elongate figures and tight compositions. The faces of his figures are profoundly expressive. Antelami's style, as in...

• Antenor fl. last half of 6th cent. BC, Greek sculptor who executed the bronze statues of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogiton. In 480 BC, Xerxes carried these statues away from Athens, but they were...

• Antiphilus fl. 4th cent. BC, Greek painter, of Alexandrian origin. Pliny and Quintilian wrote about his paintings of gryllos, a creature part man, part animal or bird. Pliny further stated that he painted...

• Antonello da Messina c.1430-79, Sicilian painter, b. Messina. Antonello appears to have had early contact with Flemish art. In his deft handling of the oil medium—his rendering of transparent surfaces and minute...

• Apollodorus fl. 430-400 BC, Athenian painter, called the Shadower, said to have introduced the use of light and shade to model form. Among his few known works are Ajax Struck by Lightning and Priest in the Act...

• Apollonius of Tralles see Farnese Bull.

• Arcagnolo see Orcagna.

• Arcimboldo, Giuseppe 1537-93, Italian painter. Court painter to the Hapsburg kings, Arcimboldo is celebrated for his grotesque, realistically rendered, symbolic portraits constructed from fruits, vegetables, animals,...

• Athenodorus see Laocoön.

• Baccio see Bandinelli, Bartolomeo.

• Baldovinetti, Alesso c.1425-1499, Italian painter and decorative artist of the early Florentine Renaissance. He was probably trained in the workshops of Domenico Veneziano and Andrea del Castagno, whose influence is...

• Baldung, Hans c.1484-1545, German painter and printmaker, active mainly at Strasbourg. He was surnamed Grien or Grün because of his fondness for the color green. Although he probably studied with Dürer, he...

• Baldung-Grien, Hans see Baldung, Hans.

• Bandinelli, Bartolomeo or Baccio , 1493?-1560, Florentine sculptor and painter; son of a goldsmith. He attempted to emulate Michelangelo, and derived from him a strong interest in musculature. Although his drawings are forceful,...

• Barbarelli, Giorgio see Giorgione.

• Barbari, Jacopo de' c.1440-1516, Germano-Dutch painter and engraver, b. Venice. Barbari was a major link between North European and Italian art; his and Dürer's works reveal a mutual influence. After 1500 he was...

• Barocci, Federigo c.1530-1612, Italian painter, b. Urbino, where he was continually employed throughout his life. In the 1550s he traveled to Rome and was influenced by the art of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Taddeo...

• Bartolommeo di Pagholo del Fattorino, Fra 1475-1517, Italian painter, also called Baccio della Porta. Under the influence of Savonarola, he joined (1500) the Dominican order. He abandoned art for a while, but resumed practice in 1504,...

• Bassano, Jacopo c.1515-1592, Venetian painter, whose original name was Jacopo, or Giacomo, da Ponte, b. Bassano, Italy. Bassano first studied with his father, Francesco da Ponte, and then went to Venice. There he...

• Bazzi, Giovanni Antonio see Sodoma, Il.

• Beccafumi, Domenico di Pace 1486-1551, Italian mannerist painter and sculptor, also called Il Meccherino. He studied painting in Siena and Rome and was a versatile engraver and sculptor. He is best known for his frescoes in...

• Beham or Peham , name of two German Renaissance artists, brothers, who were both influenced by Dürer and later by Italian art. Hans Sebald Beham, 1500-1550, engraver, etcher, and miniaturist, with his brother, was banished from Nuremburg for freethinking in 1525. After some vicissitudes he settled in Frankfurt c.1532. His rare paintings have...

• Bellini illustrious family of Venetian painters of the Renaissance. Jacopo Bellini , c.1400-1470, was a pupil of Gentile da Fabriano. He worked in Padua, Verona, Ferrara, and Venice. Many of his greatest paintings, including the enormous Crucifixion for the Cathedral of Verona, have disappeared. Several of his Madonnas (Uffizi; Louvre; Academy, Venice) are still extant. Jacopo's sketches in two notebooks (Louvre and British Mus.) are his most...

• Beltraffio, Giovanni Antonio see Boltraffio.

• Benedetto da Majano 1442-97. Italian sculptor and architect of the Florentine school. His pulpits, altarpieces, and other church furniture are beautifully executed. Examples of his work are in Santa Croce and the...

• Benozzo Gozzoli see Gozzoli, Benozzo.

• Bergognone or Borgognone , fl. 1450-1523, Italian painter, known also as Ambrogio Stefani da Fossano. His most important works are the frescoes in the Certosa of Pavia. His luminous and often charming paintings are in the...

• Berlinghieri, Bonaventura fl. 1235-44, Italian painter. Originally from Lucca, he was the most gifted of a family of Lombardian painters. His Scenes from the Life of St. Francis on the predella of the altar of San Francesco...

• Berruguete, Alonso c.1480-1561, Spanish mannerist sculptor. Probably the first in Spain to break away from the High Renaissance balance of form, he is noted for the expressive torsion of his figures. He studied with...

• Betto, Bernardino di see Pinturicchio.

• Bigordi, Domenico see Ghirlandaio, Domenico.

• Boccaccino, Boccaccio c.1465-1525. Italian artist, b. Cremona. He probably made several trips to Venice, for his numerous paintings of the half-length Madonna and Child with Saints derive from Venetian models, particularly...

• Boethus fl. 1st half of 2d cent. BC, Greek sculptor of genre subjects and worker in silver. He was born in Chalcedon and seems to have worked mainly at Rhodes. In the writings of Pliny and Pausanias he is...

• Bologna, Giovanni or Giambologna , 1524-1608, Flemish sculptor, whose real name was Jean Bologne or Boulogne. Though born in Douai, France, he trained in Flanders. He is identified chiefly with the Italian Renaissance as one of its...

• Bologne, Jean see Bologna, Giovanni.

• Boltraffio, Giovanni Antonio 1467-1516, Italian painter, b. Milan. He was a pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, whose style he adhered to faithfully. There are examples of Boltraffio's work in Milan; the National Gallery, London; and...

• Bordone, Paris 1500-1571, Venetian painter of the Renaissance; pupil of Titian. Skillful in his use of color, he was particularly interested in variations of texture in fabric, as seen in his numerous portraits...

• Borgognone see Bergognone.

• Bos, Jerom see Bosch, Hieronymus.

• Bosch, Hieronymus or Jerom Bos , c.1450-1516, Flemish painter. His surname was originally van Aeken; Bosch refers to 's Hertogenbosch, where he was born and worked. Little is known of his life and training, although it is clear...

• Botticelli, Sandro c.1444-1510, Florentine painter of the Renaissance, whose real name was Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi . He was apprenticed to Fra Filippo Lippi, whose delicate coloring can be seen in such early works as the Adoration of the Kings (National Gall., London) and Chigi Madonna (Gardner Mus., Boston). Elements of the more vigorous style of Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio soon entered his paintings, e.g., Fortitude (Uffizi), St. Augustine (Ognissanti), and Portrait of a Young Man (Uffizi). He was one of the greatest colorists in Florence and a master of the rhythmic line. He became a favorite painter of the Medici, whose portraits he included, in addition to a...

• Boucicaut Master active c.1375-1400, Franco-Flemish manuscript illuminator. The master was named for his greatest work, The Hours of the Maréchal de Boucicaut (Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris)....

• Boulogne, Jean see Bologna, Giovanni.

• Bouts, Dierick c.1420-1475, early Netherlandish painter, b. Haarlem, active in Louvain. Bouts was influenced by Roger van der Weyden, the van Eycks, and Petrus Christus. His elongated, often stiffly posed...

• Bramantino c.1465-c.1535, Lombard painter and architect. His real name was Bartolomeo Suardi. He took the name of his master Bramante, whose style he followed closely. He became court painter to Francesco...

• Breughel family of painters: see Bruegel.

• Brill or Bril, Flemish painters, brothers. Mattys Brill , 1550-83, went to Rome early in his career and executed frescoes for Gregory XIII in the Vatican. Paul Brill, 1554-1626, probably studied in Rome with his brother and succeeded him at the Vatican. His calm, well-observed landscapes exercised a great influence on Italian art. His works after 1600 show his...

• Briosco, Andrea 1470?-1532, Italian architect and sculptor, known also as Andrea Riccio [curly-headed], b. Padua. As an architect, he created models for the church of Santa Giustina and for a chapel in Sant'...

• Broederlam, Melchior active c.1381-1409, Franco-Flemish painter. Broederlam was among the first practitioners of the International Gothic style (see Gothic architecture and art ). He was court painter after 1387 to Philip...

• Bronzino, Il 1503-72, Florentine painter, an important mannerist (see mannerism ), whose real name was Agnolo di Cosimo di Mariano. Bronzino was a pupil and adopted son of Jacopo da Pontormo. Continuing the tradition of his master, he specialized and excelled in portraiture. He...

• Brosamer, Hans c.1500-1554, German painter and engraver. His work shows the influence of Cranach, Dürer, and Holbein. Recent scholarship has attempted to reattribute a large body of works bearing the signature...

• Bruegel   Brueghel, or Breughel , outstanding family of Flemish genre and landscape painters. The foremost, Pieter Bruegel, the Elder, c.1525-1569, called Peasant Bruegel, studied in Antwerp with his future father-in-law, Pieter Coeck van Aelst, but was influenced primarily by Bosch. In 1551 he became a member of the Antwerp Guild. Bruegel visited Italy in the early 1550s. He remained close, however, to the Flemish tradition and employed his native powers of minute observation...

• Brueghel family of painters: see Bruegel.

• Bruyn, Barthel Bartholomaeus 1493-1555, German Renaissance painter, active in Cologne from 1515. Known especially for his portraits, which combine Northern realism with Italian-inspired monumentality and breadth, Bruyn also...

• Bry, Théodore de 1528-98, Flemish engraver and publisher, b. Liège. He spent most of his life in Frankfurt-am-Main. He visited London, where he executed a series of 12 plates, The Procession of the Knights of...

• Bryaxis 4th cent. BC, Greek sculptor. With Scopas, Leochares, and Timotheus, he worked on the sculptures of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (c.350 BC). Among other works attributed to him were several...

• Buonarroti, Michelangelo see Michelangelo Buonarroti.

• Buoninsegna, Duccio di see Duccio di Buoninsegna.

• Burckmair, Hans see Burgkmair, Hans.

• Burgkmair, Hans 1473-1531, German engraver, woodcut designer, and painter. Having learned woodcutting from Schongauer, he settled in 1498 in his native Augsburg. His work shows the influence of his friend Dürer,...

• Butades of Sicyon fl. c.600 BC, semilegendary Greek sculptor. He worked at Corinth and was supposed to have been the first to model in clay.

• Céspedes, Pablo de 1538-1608, Spanish artist, poet, and scholar. He studied for the priesthood and subsequently studied painting with Federigo Zuccaro in Rome. There he spent some 20 years and won a considerable...

• Caliari, Paolo see Veronese, Paolo.

• Callimachus fl. 2d half of 5th cent. BC, Greek sculptor from Athens. He was famous as the maker of the gold lamp in the Erechtheum and a seated image of Hera for a temple at Plataea. There are several Roman...

• Calvaert, Denis 1540-1619, Flemish mannerist painter in Italy, where he was known as Il Fiammingo. He studied in Antwerp and later in Bologna under Prospero Fontana. While a student he assisted in the execution...

• Cambiaso, Luca 1527-85, leading Italian painter and sculptor of the Genoese school, known also as Luchetto da Genova; son and pupil of Giovanni Cambiaso, a fresco painter. His inventiveness and facile execution...

• Campaña, Pedro see Kempener, Pieter de.

• Campagnola, Domenico 1500-c.1564, painter and engraver. Although Campagnola worked exclusively in Italy, there are documents indicating that he was of German origin. He was a pupil and the adopted son of Giulio...

• Campagnola, Giulio b. c.1482, d. after 1513, Italian painter and engraver. He painted miniatures and altarpieces but is best known for his finely executed engravings, many of them after the works of Giovanni Bellini...

• Campi, Giulio c.1500-c.1572, Italian painter and architect, founder of a school of painters at Cremona. He was a pupil of his father, Galeazzo Campi (c.1475-1536), a well-known painter, and of Giulio Romano,...

• Campin, Robert 1378-1444, Flemish painter who with the van Eycks ranks as a founder of the Netherlandish school. This artist has been identified as the Master of Flémalle on the basis of three panels in...

• Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo c.1500-1565, Italian engraver and designer, known also as Jacobus Parmensis and Jacobus Veronensis. He was a pupil of Raimondi and achieved distinction as an engraver on copper and, later, as a...

• Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da or Amerigi da Caravaggio , 1571-1610, Italian painter. His surname, Caravaggio, came from his birthplace. After an apprenticeship in Milan, he arrived (1592) in Rome where he eventually became a pensioner of Cardinal...

• Caravaggio, Polidoro Caldara da c.1496-1543, Italian painter. His surname, Caravaggio, came from his birthplace. A student of Raphael, he was responsible for some of the monochrome decorations in the Vatican Stanze as well as...

• Carpaccio, Vittore c.1450-1522, Venetian painter, influenced by Gentile and Giovanni Bellini. His delightful narrative paintings reflect the pageantry of 15th-century Venice. They also offer a fanciful view of the...

• Carracci family of Italian painters of the Bolognese school, founders of an important academy of painting. Lodovico Carracci, 1555-1619, a pupil of Tintoretto in Venice, was influenced by Correggio and Titian. He also studied in Bologna, Padua, and Parma. With his cousins, Agostino and Annibale, and with Anthony de la...

• Carrucci, Jacopo see Pontormo, Jacopo da.

• Carucci, Jacopo see Pontormo, Jacopo da.

• Castagno, Andrea del c.1423-1457, major Florentine painter of the early Renaissance. His first recorded painting (1440; now destroyed), effigies of hanged men, enemies to the Florentine regime, brought him fame in...

• Castello, Bernardo 1557-1629, Italian painter of the Genoese school; pupil of Cambiaso, whose style he imitated. He was a friend of Tasso and made the designs for Jerusalem Delivered, some of which were subsequently engraved by Agostino Carracci. Castello executed numerous works in the churches of Genoa. His son, Valerio Castello, 1625-59, a painter of historical scenes, was influenced by Procaccini and Correggio but created a fine style of his own. He executed many frescoes of high merit for the churches and monasteries of...

• Castello, Giovanni Battista c.1509-c.1569, Italian painter and architect; called Il Bergamasco to distinguish him from Bernardo Castello, who also worked in Genoa. Giovanni was born near Bergamo, where many of his works...

• Catena, Vincenzo di Biagio c.1470-1531, Venetian painter. His early work, reflecting the influence of Giovanni Bellini, includes the two paintings of Madonna and Child with Saints in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, and...

• Cavallini, Pietro c.1250-c.1330, Italian painter and mosaicist. Working in a classical style, he had an important influence on the art of Cimabue and Giotto. His surviving works are frescoes in Santa Cecilia, Rome,...

• Cellini, Benvenuto 1500-1571, Italian sculptor, metalsmith, and author. His remarkable autobiography (written 1558-62), which reads like a picaresque novel, is one of the most important documents of the 16th cent...

• Cennini, Cennino c.1370-1440, Florentine painter, follower of Agnolo Gaddi. None of his paintings is extant. He is most famous for having written the Libro dell'arte (written 1400?, tr., The Craftsman's Handbook, 1933). This treatise marks a transition between medieval and Renaissance concepts of art. Closely following the tradition of Giotto, he offers detailed advice about the established technique of...

• Cephisodotus Gr. Kephisodotos, fl. 4th cent. BC, two Greek sculptors. The elder, the master and probably the father or the brother of Praxiteles, is noted for the statue Irene and Plutus [Peace and Wealth]. The original was erected on the Areopagus at Athens c.372 BC to celebrate the victory of Timotheus over the Spartans. The best copy is in Munich. Cephisodotus, the Younger, a...

• Chares fl. 3d cent. BC, Greek worker in bronze from Lindus, Rhodes; pupil of Lysippos. He was the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes and is said to have founded the Rhodian school of sculpture. No known...

• Christus, Petrus fl. 1444-c.1473, Flemish painter; a follower and probably a pupil of the Van Eycks. In 1444 he became a free citizen of Bruges, where he remained until his death. Christus was successful in the...

• Cima, Giovanni Battista c.1459-c.1517, Venetian painter, called Cima da Conegliano. Influenced by Giovanni Bellini and Antonello da Messina, he created many fine altarpieces in the best tradition of Venetian coloring and...

• Cimabue, Giovanni d. c.1302, Florentine painter, whose real name was Cenni di Pepo or Peppi. The works with which his name is associated constitute a transition in painting from the strictly formalized Byzantine...

• Cione, Andrea di see Orcagna.

• Civitali, Matteo 1436-1501, Italian sculptor and architect, born and worked in Lucca, where his work is best represented. Trained in Florence, he executed elaborate tomb sculptures of biblical figures in the...

• Cleef, Joos van c.1485-1540, Flemish portrait painter. Much of his life was spent in Antwerp. He is often identified with the Master of the Death of the Virgin from altarpieces in Munich and Cologne. Portraits of...

• Cleve, Joos van see Cleef, Joos van.

• Clouet, Jean called Janet or Jehannet , c.1485-1540, portrait and miniature painter. He was court painter and valet de chambre to the French king Francis I. He is thought to have been Flemish and may have been related to Jehan Cloët,...

• Clovio, Giorgio Giulio 1498-1578, Italian illuminator, miniaturist, and painter, also called Macedo or Il Macedone because of his Macedonian origin. He studied at Rome with Giulio Romano and at Verona under Girolamo de'...

• Cock, Hieronymus 1510-70, Flemish painter and engraver. In Antwerp he was the first great publisher of prints and made numerous plates after Bruegel, Bosch, and Floris.

• Colin, Alexander see Colins, Alexander.

• Colins, Alexander c.1527-1612, Flemish sculptor. He brought European court mannerism to Germany, where he directed the sculpture on the Ottheinrichsbau (1562) in Heidelberg. He designed the sculpture for the tomb...

• Colomb, Michel c.1430-1512, French sculptor, one of the masters of the French Renaissance. Few of his works survive. His name is associated with the execution of the tomb of Francis II, duke of Brittany...

• Colyn, Alexander see Colins, Alexander.

• Conegliano, Cima da see Cima, Giovanni Battista.

• Coninxloo, Gillis van 1544-1607, Flemish landscape painter. His Judgment of Midas (Dresden), Latona (Hermitage, St. Petersburg), and above all the Landscape with Figures (Liechtenstein Gall., Vienna) are fine examples of his art. Coninxloo's paintings, characterized by fantasy, warm tones, and refined realism, were important for the transmission of a Venetian type...

• Contucci, Andrea see Sansovino, Andrea.

• Correggio c.1494-1534, Italian painter, whose real name was Antonio Allegri, called Correggio for his birthplace. He learned the rudiments of art from his uncle Lorenzo Allegri. His early works were greatly...

• Cossa, Francesco or Francesco del Cossa , c.1435-1477?, Italian painter. He was a leading representative of the Ferrarese school and was regarded, with Ercole de'Roberti, as the founder of the Bolognese school. His...

• Costa, Lorenzo 1460-1535, Italian painter of the Ferrarese and Bolognese schools. Trained in the manner of such painters as Tura and Cossa, he modified the strident Ferrarese style when he became a partner of...

• Cousin, Jean c.1490-c.1560, celebrated French painter, designer, and sculptor. To him have been attributed the designs for the windows of various churches of Sens and Paris and a painting, Eva Prima Pandora (Louvre)....

• Cranach, Lucas the Elder, 1472-1553, German painter and engraver. He settled in Wittenberg c.1504 and was court painter successively under three electors of Saxony. There he maintained a flourishing workshop and...

• Credi, Lorenzo di see Lorenzo di Credi.

• Cresilas or Kresilas , fl. c.450 BC, Greek sculptor, b. Crete. He worked at Athens. His statue of Pericles is the earliest Greek portrait statue that has been identified.

• Cristus, Petrus see Christus, Petrus.

• Critius or Kritios , and Nesiotes , fl. 5th cent. BC, Greek sculptors, in the time of the Persian Wars. They made statues of the Tyrannicides, Harmodius and Aristogiton, who slew the tyrant Hipparchus. The works replaced a group by...

• Crivelli, Carlo b. c.1430, d. after 1493, Venetian painter, who worked chiefly in the Marches. His paintings, notable for their rather harsh conception, include the Virgin and Child in the Ascoli Cathedral; a large...

• Cronaca, Il see Pollaiuolo.

• Dürer, Albrecht 1471-1528, German painter, engraver, and theoretician, most influential artist of the German school, b. Nuremberg.

• Da Vinci, Leonardo see Leonardo da Vinci.

• Daddi, Bernardo fl. 1312-48, Italian painter of the Florentine school. First influenced by his contemporary Giotto, he soon adopted the delicate line and lyrical expression of the Sienese painters, especially the...

• Dalmáu, Luis fl. 1428-60, Spanish painter, court painter to Alfonso of Aragon. His only undisputed work, Virgin with Councilors (Barcelona), shows the influence of Jan van Eyck.

• Damophon fl. 2d cent. BC, Greek sculptor of Messene. He is remembered for colossal heads of Demeter and Artemis, found in Arcadia. He was a skilled worker in ivory and gold.

• David, Gerard c.1460-1523, Flemish painter, b. Oudewater, Holland. By 1484 he had established himself in Bruges, where he remained until his death. Dependent on the art of earlier Flemish painters, such as Jan...

• Davit, Gerard see David, Gerard.

• De Kempener, Pieter see Kempener, Pieter de.

• De Mabuse, Jan see Mabuse, Jan de.

• De Patinir, Joachim see Patinir, Joachim de.

• De Predis, Ambrogio c.1455-c.1506, Milanese painter. He worked under Leonardo da Vinci and copied many of his paintings. He also executed several portraits of the Sforzas (National Gall. of Art, Washington, D.C.; Vienna)....

• Della Quercia, Jacopo see Quercia, Jacopo della.

• Della Robbia Florentine family of sculptors and ceramists famous for their enameled terra-cotta or faience. Many of the Della Robbia pieces are still in their original settings in Florence, Siena, and other...

• Desiderio da Settignano 1428-64, Florentine sculptor, a follower of Donatello. His marble carving, of exquisite delicacy, is best seen in his church decorations and in his busts of women and children. His Laughing Child in Vienna is characteristic of his style and charm. His tomb of Carlo Marsuppini in the Church of Santa Croce, Florence, is one of the most beautiful of early Renaissance monuments. The National...

• Dipoenus and Scyllis , c.580 BC, Greek sculptors, who worked jointly in ivory, ebony, and probably marble. They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder.

• Domenico Veneziano c.1400-1461, Italian painter. His origin is unknown, although his name suggests that he came from Venice. His art, with rich coloring and detailed landscape settings, has close affinities with...

• Donatello c.1386-1466, Italian sculptor, major innovator in Renaissance art, b. Florence. His full name was Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi. In his formative years he assisted Ghiberti in Florence with...

• Dosso Dossi 1479?-1542, Italian painter of the Ferrarese school, whose real name was Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri. He may have been a pupil of Lorenzo Costa, but was certainly influenced by Giorgione,...

• Duccio di Buoninsegna fl. 1278-1319, early Italian artist, first great painter of Siena. Infusing new life into the stylized Byzantine tradition, he initiated a style intrinsic to the development of the Sienese...

• Duccio, Agostino di see Agostino di Duccio.

• El Greco see Greco, El.

• Elsheimer, Adam 1578-1610?, German painter. After studying in Frankfurt, Munich, and Venice, he settled in Rome and worked for Pope Paul V. He painted small pictures on copper. They were chiefly of biblical and...

• Ercole de' Roberti 1456?-1496, Italian painter of the Ferrarese school. He probably began his career by assisting Francesco Cossa in the decoration of the Schifanoia Palace, Ferrara. A large altarpiece in the Brera,...

• Euphranor fl. 364 BC, Greek painter and sculptor from Corinth. His most famous paintings were in the Stoa of Zeus at Athens— A Cavalry Charge between the Athenians and Boeotians at Mantinea and Theseus...

• Euphronios c.520-470 BC, Greek potter and painter. He spent his early career as a painter, working mainly in the red-figure style. In his later years, he was known primarily as a potter. The vessels...

• Eupompus fl. 4th cent. BC, Greek painter, founder of the Sicyonic school. The only one of his works of which there is record is A Victor in the Olympic Games.

• Eutychides fl. early 3d cent. BC, Greek sculptor from Sicyon; pupil of Lysippos. Records exist of several of his works, among which the best known is Tyche or Fortune, personifying the city of Antioch. The allegory is carried out in detail, as may be seen in a marble copy in the Vatican and in numerous statuettes. The identity of the statue was established...

• Exekias c.555-530 BC, Greek potter and painter. He worked mainly in the black-figure style. Eleven vases and a series of fifteen plaques have been attributed to him, including an Amphora depicting...

• Eyck, van family of Flemish painters, the brothers Hubert van Eyck, c.1370-1426, and Jan van Eyck, c.1390-1441.

• Fabriano, Gentile da see Gentile da Fabriano.

• Fernández Navarrete, Juan see Navarrete, Juan Fernández.

• Ferrari, Gaudenzio c.1480-1546, Italian painter, one of the leading representatives of the Lombard school. He worked chiefly in the churches of Varallo (N Piedmont), Vercelli, and Milan and produced many paintings,...

• Fiesole, Mino da see Mino da Fiesole.

• Filipepi, Alessandro di Mariano see Botticelli, Sandro.

• Finiguerra, Maso 1426-64, Florentine goldsmith and engraver during the Renaissance. In the 1450s he joined with Antonio Pollaiuolo. It is said that Pollaiuolo created original designs that Finiguerra translated...

• Flémalle, Master of see Campin, Robert.

• Flötner, Peter c.1485-1546, German medalist and artisan, possibly Swiss by birth. He was active in decorative sculpture, wood carving, and other crafts, making medals and plaques and furnishing designs of...

• Flettner, Peter see Flötner, Peter.

• Floris, Frans c.1517-70, Flemish painter, originally named Frans de Vriendt; son of an Antwerp stonecutter. He studied in Liège and Rome. Returning to Antwerp in 1540, he opened a large school and enjoyed the...

• Fontana, Lavinia 1552-1614, Italian painter, daughter of Prospero Fontana. She was a fashionable portrait painter in Bologna and Rome noted for her sensitivity in color and detail. Her self-portraits (two, Pitti...

• Fontana, Prospero 1512-97, Italian mannerist painter, father of Lavinia Fontana. He aided Primaticcio in the decoration of Fontainebleau but was active chiefly in Bologna, where most of his work remains. His Entombment...

• Foppa, Vincenzo c.1427-c.1515, Italian painter. Giving new life to the art of the Lombard school, he exercised a great influence upon northern Italian art until the advent of Leonardo da Vinci. He settled...

• Forlì, Melozzo da see Melozzo da Forlì.

• Fouquet, Jean c.1420-c.1480, French painter and illuminator. He was summoned to Rome in the 1440s to paint the portrait (now lost) of Pope Eugenius IV. His work subsequently revealed the influence of...

• Fra see Angelico, Fra ; Bartolommeo di Pagholo del Fattorino, Fra ; Fra Filippo Lippi under Lippi.

• Francesca, Piero della see Piero della Francesca.

• Franceschi, Piero de' see Piero della Francesca.

• Francesco di Stefano see Pesellino, Il.

• Francia c.1450-1517, Italian painter, goldsmith, and medalist of the early Bolognese school, whose real name was Francesco Raibolini. Until the age of 40 he was famous chiefly as a goldsmith and engraver...

• Franck, Hans see Lützelburger, Hans.

• Froment, Nicolas fl. 2d half of 15th cent., French painter of the Provençal school. While in the service of René of Anjou at Avignon, he painted The Resurrection of Lazarus (Uffizi) and the triptych...

• Gaddi celebrated family of Florentine artists. Gaddo Gaddi, c.1260-c.1333, painter and mosaicist, is said by Vasari to have been associated with Cimabue and Giotto. Among the mosaics attributed to him are those in the portico of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome,...

• Garofalo, Il 1481-1559, Italian painter of the Ferrarese school, whose real name was Benvenuto Tisi or Tisio. Influenced by Raphael, he painted in a competent though unoriginal style. He worked chiefly in the...

• Geertgen tot Sint Jans fl. latter half of 15th cent., Dutch painter. Geertgen is the earliest painter of record in Haarlem. He may have gone to Ghent and had some contact with Hugo van der Goes, for there are analogies...

• Gentile da Fabriano c.1370-1427, Italian painter, one of the outstanding exponents of the elegant international Gothic style. In 1409 he worked in the Doge's Palace, Venice, painting historical frescoes that...

• Ghiberti, Lorenzo c.1378-1455, Florentine sculptor. He received his early training in the workshop of Bartoluccio. In 1401 he entered the competition for a bronze portal for the baptistery in Florence. He won the...

• Ghirlandaio, Domenico 1449-94, Florentine painter, whose family name was Bigordi. He may have studied painting and mosaics under Alesso Baldovinetti. Ghirlandaio was an excellent technician. Keenly observant of the...

• Giambologna s