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Documents for "Austria and Hungary, History: Biographies":
  • Adler, Viktor 1852-1918, Austrian socialist politician and journalist, founder and leader of the Austrian Social Democratic party. Initially a German nationalist, he became a Socialist after meeting Engels and Bebel in Germany and Switzerland. He published Arbeiter Zeitung, the main socialist organ, and founded the Austrian Social Democratic party, advocating federalism and autonomy for peoples of the Austro-Hungarian empire. He entered parliament in 1905 as a...
  • Aehrenthal, Alois Lexa, Graf von 1854-1912, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1906-12). The chief event of his ministry was the Austrian annexation (1908) of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Russian foreign minister, Izvolsky , agreed secretly to the annexation in return for Aehrenthal's promise of Austrian support for the opening of the Dardanelles to Russian warships. After the annexation, England, Serbia, and Russia...
  • Andrássy, Julius, Count 1823-90, Hungarian politician. One of the leading figures in the 1848-49 Hungarian revolution, he supported the liberal program of Louis Kossuth and after the Hungarian defeat he went into exile, mostly in Paris and London, until 1858. With Francis Deak he then rose to prominence in the negotiations leading to the Ausgleich [compromise] of 1867, which created the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Andrássy was (1867-71) the first constitutional premier of Hungary. He opposed Austrian interference, attained the creation of a separate Hungarian defense force, put down the opposition led by...
  • Andrássy, Julius, Count 1860-1929, Hungarian politician; son of the elder Count Andrássy. He occupied several cabinet posts before becoming (1900) minister of the interior of Hungary in the coalition cabinet under Wekerle. He opposed the Austrian diplomacy of 1914, and as foreign minister (late in 1918) he severed all connections with Germany in the hope of obtaining a separate peace for Austria-Hungary. In 1921 he...
  • Andrew II d. 1235, king of Hungary (1205-35), son of Bela III. He continued his predecessors' policy of transferring crown lands to the magnates, and the lesser nobles forced him to issue the Golden Bull...
  • Arpad c.840-907?, chief of the Magyars. He led his people into Hungary c.895. The leaders of the Magyars and the first dynasty of Hungarian kings (St. Stephen I to Andrew III) were of the house of Arpad...
  • Báthory Pol. Batory, Hungarian noble family. Stephen Báthory, 1477-1534, a loyal adherent of John I of Hungary (John Zápolya), was made (1529) voivode [governor] of Transylvania. His youngest...
  • Babenberg ruling house of Austria (976-1246). It possibly descended from, or succeeded, a powerful Franconian family of the 9th cent. from whose castle the city of Bamberg probably took its name. Holy Roman...
  • Bach, Alexander 1813-93, Austrian politician. A well-known lawyer and liberal, he took part in the revolution of 1848 in Vienna, but after its suppression he joined the forces of reaction. He became minister of justice (1848) and of the interior (1849-59), and after the death (1852) of Prince Schwarzenberg was the...
  • Bakocz, Thomas Hung. Bakócz or Bakács Tamás , c.1442-1521, Hungarian politician, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is often called the Hungarian Wolsey. Of unbounded ambition, he rose from servile origin, was secretary to King Matthias Corvinus , and under Uladislaus II , whom he dominated, became chancellor, archbishop of Esztergom, and papal legate. Although he was expected by many to succeed Julius II as pope, Leo X was elected. Leo in 1514 charged him as...
  • Batory see Stephen Báthory and Báthory , family.
  • Bauer, Otto 1882-1938, Austrian politician. His Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie (1907) advocated creating nation-states to solve the Austro-Hungarian nationalities problem. A prisoner of war in Russia during World War I, he led the left wing of the Social Democratic party when...
  • Bela IV 1206-70, king of Hungary (1235-70), son and successor of Andrew II. He tried to curtail the power of the magnates and set out to recover the crownlands his father had given to supporters...
  • Bellegarde, Heinrich, Count von 1756-1845, Austrian soldier and statesman. He fought against the French in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, rising to general of cavalry in 1800. In...
  • Benedek, Ludwig von 1804-81, Austrian general. Entering the army in 1822, he served in the suppression of the Polish insurrection of 1846, in the Austrian campaigns of 1848-49 in Italy and Hungary, and in the Italian...
  • Berchtold, Leopold, Graf von 1863-1942, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1912-15). During the Balkan Wars he successfully worked for the creation of an independent Albania to block Serbian access to the Adriatic Sea. After the assassination (June 28, 1914) of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo, he...
  • Bethlen, Count Stephen 1874-1947?, Hungarian premier (1921-31). A Transylvanian, he entered the Hungarian parliament in 1901, and in 1919 he was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. Called to the premiership by...
  • Bethlen, Gabriel 1580-1629, prince of Transylvania (1613-29). He was chief adviser of Stephen Bocskay and was elected prince after the assassination of Gabriel Báthory. A Protestant, though tolerant toward all religions, he allied himself (1619) with the Protestant Frederick the Winter King and overran Hungary, of which he was elected king (1620). After Frederick's defeat at the White Mt. (1620), Bethlen signed with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II the Treaty of Nikolsburg (1621), by which he renounced the royal title but retained control of seven Hungarian counties and received the rank of prince of the empire. He continued his relations...
  • Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand 1809-86, Saxon and Austrian politician. He held various portfolios in the Saxon ministry and served as premier (1853-66), but his opposition to Bismarck forced his resignation after Saxony's...
  • Bocskay, Stephen 1557-1606, Hungarian noble, voivode [governor] (1604-6) and prince (1605-6) of Transylvania. Seeking to secure the independence of Transylvania, he supported his nephew, Prince Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania, first against the pro-Ottoman, then against the pro-Hapsburg, faction of nobles. Sigismund having abdicated (1602) in favor of the king of Hungary (Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II),...
  • Charles 1771-1847, archduke of Austria; brother of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Despite his epilepsy, he was the ablest Austrian commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; however, he was...
  • Charles I 1887-1922, last emperor of Austria and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary (1916-18); son of Archduke Otto and grandnephew and successor of Emperor Francis Joseph. He married Zita of Bourbon-Parma. The death (1914) of his uncle, Francis Ferdinand , made Charles heir to the throne. He showed skill as a commander in World War I. After his accession he put out peace feelers. His correspondence with his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma , justified French claims to Alsace-Lorraine. The Allies published (Apr., 1918) the correspondence, thus causing friction between Austria and Germany and diminishing Charles's popularity. Charles...
  • Charles I 1288-1342, king of Hungary (1308-42), founder of the Angevin dynasty in Hungary; grandson of Charles II of Naples, who had married a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary. On the death (1301) of Andrew III, last of the Arpad dynasty, Charles was the candidate of Pope Boniface VIII for the crown of St. Stephen, but the Hungarians elected Wenceslaus III of Bohemia; in 1308 the Hungarian diet at last chose Charles, who was crowned in 1310. He reorganized the army on a feudal basis, using the nobility for its personnel, and taxed the bourgeoisie...
  • Charles III king of Hungary: see Charles VI , Holy Roman emperor.
  • Charles IV king of Hungary: see Charles I , emperor of Austria.
  • Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, Graf 1852-1925, Austro-Hungarian field marshal. He served (1906-11, 1912-17) as chief of staff and led the Austro-Hungarian armies in World War I. After his dismissal in 1917 because of his opposition...
  • Czernin, Ottokar, Graf 1872-1932, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister. He was an adviser to Archduke Francis Ferdinand. As foreign minister (1916-18) he sought a negotiated peace, but was unwilling to abandon Austrian war...
  • Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria, Graf von 1705-66, Austrian field marshal. He gained distinction in the War of the Austrian Succession. Daun later reorganized the Austrian army and gave the officers corps a new sense of professionalism...
  • Deak, Francis Hung. Deák Ferenc , 1803-76, Hungarian politician. A landed proprietor and lawyer, he entered the Hungarian diet in 1833 and became minister of justice after the revolution of Mar., 1848. He vainly opposed Louis Kossuth , trying to prevent an open break with Austria, and upon his failure he withdrew from public affairs. After the defeat (1849) of the Hungarian revolutionists, Deak became the recognized leader of...
  • Dollfuss, Engelbert 1892-1934, Austrian chancellor. A Christian Socialist, he rose to prominence as leader of the Lower Austrian Farmers' League and became minister of agriculture in 1931. Appointed chancellor in...
  • Dumba, Konstantin Theodor 1856-1947, Austro-Hungarian diplomat. As ambassador (1913-15) to the United States, he was involved with Franz von Papen and Karl Boy-Ed in schemes to sabotage the American munitions industry...
  • Elizabeth 1837-98, empress of Austria and queen of Hungary. A Bavarian princess, she was married (1854) to her cousin, Emperor Francis Joseph. Despite her exceptional beauty, intelligence, and kindness she...
  • Esterházy princely Hungarian family. Paul, Fürst Esterházy von Galantha, 1635-1713, was elected palatine (regent) of Hungary in 1681 and distinguished himself in the defense of Vienna (1683) and the reconquest of Hungary from the Ottomans. A staunch supporter of...
  • Ferdinand 1793-1875, emperor of Austria (1835-48), son and successor of Emperor Francis I (who also, as Francis II, had been the last Holy Roman emperor). A well-meaning monarch in his lucid moments, he was...
  • Fock, Jenő 1916-2001, Hungarian Communist politician. He joined the Communist party in 1932, and from 1940 to 1943 he was imprisoned for his Communist activities. An economist, Fock held several offices,...
  • Francis Ferdinand 1863-1914, Austrian archduke, heir apparent (after 1889) of his uncle, Emperor Francis Joseph. In 1900 he married a Czech, Sophie Chotek. She was made duchess of Hohenberg, but because she was of...
  • Francis I emperor of Austria: see Francis II , Holy Roman emperor.
  • Francis Joseph or Franz Joseph, 1830-1916, emperor of Austria (1848-1916), king of Hungary (1867-1916), nephew of Ferdinand , who abdicated in his favor. His long reign began in the stormy days of the revolutions of 1848 and ended in the midst of World War I. In that troubled period of growing nationalism, he held the many peoples of his empire together. He subdued Hungary (1849) and in the same year defeated Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. In the Italian War of 1859, in which he faced Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel, he lost Lombardy to Sardinia by the Treaty of Villafranca di Verona. In the Austro-Prussian War (1866) his only territorial loss was that of Venetia to Italy, but his crushing defeat resulted in the loss of Austrian influence over German affairs and in the ascendancy of Prussia. Constant...
  • Franz Joseph emperor of Austria and king of Hungary: see Francis Joseph.
  • Görgey, Arthur 1818-1916, Hungarian revolutionary general. He fought the Austrians in 1848-49 as a commander of the Hungarian republican army and distinguished himself as a strategist. He captured Buda (May,...
  • Gombos, Julius Hung. Gömbös Gyula, 1886-1936, Hungarian premier and officer. He was minister of war under the premiership of Stephen Bethlen (1921-31) and of Julius Károlyi (1931-32). In 1932, Gombos became premier. He ruled with...
  • Hainisch, Michael 1858-1940, president of Austria (1920-28). He was a leading agriculturist and a noted writer. Politically acceptable to all major parties, he was elected first president of the new republic in...
  • Hapsburg or Habsburg , ruling house of Austria (1282-1918).
  • Hapsburg, Otto von 1912-, Austrian archduke and former pretender to the Austro-Hungarian throne, son of Emperor Charles I and Empress Zita. After World War II began, he went to the United States and made an...
  • Hofer, Andreas 1767-1810, Austrian patriot; son of a Tyrolean innkeeper. After its defeat by Napoleon I in 1805 Austria was forced to cede the Tyrol to France's ally Bavaria. In 1809, when Austria renewed war on France, Hofer led the Tyrolean peasants in rebellion against Bavaria and the French. After several military successes he was made...
  • Horthy de Nagybanya, Nicholas Hung. Nagybányai Horthy Miklós, 1868-1957, Hungarian admiral and regent. He commanded the Austro-Hungarian fleet in World War I. After Béla Kun seized (1919) power in Hungary, the counterrevolutionary government put Horthy in command of its forces. When the Romanian forces that had defeated Kun evacuated Budapest (Nov., 1919), Horthy...
  • Hunyadi, John Hung. Hunyadi János, c.1385-1456, Hungarian national hero, leader of the resistance against the Ottomans. He was chosen (1441) voivode [governor] of Transylvania under King Uladislaus I (Ladislaus III of Poland) and...
  • Jellachich de Buzim, Joseph, Count 1801-59, Austrian general, a Croatian nobleman. He was governor of Croatia when the revolution of 1848 broke out in Hungary, and he commanded an army against the revolutionists. His purpose was to...
  • John I (John Zapolya) , 1487-1540, king of Hungary (1526-40), voivode [governor] of Transylvania (1511-26). He was born John Zapolya, the son of Stephen Zápolya. The leader of the antiforeign party of the Hungarian nobles, he secured a decree at the diet of 1505 by which no foreign ruler would be chosen king of Hungary after the death of the ruling king, Uladislaus II. To strengthen his own candidacy for the crown he sought to marry the king's daughter, Anna, but his suit was rejected and he was removed from the court through his appointment as voivode of...
  • John II (John Sigismund Zapolya), 1540-71, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania, son of John I. Through his mother, Isabel (daughter of Sigismund I of Poland), he was related to the Jagiello dynasty. As an infant, he was crowned king of Hungary on his father's death (1540). Sultan Sulayman I , on the pretext of protecting John's interests, invaded (1541) Hungary and took the capital, Buda, which remained in Ottoman hands for 150 years. John and Isabel received the principality of...
  • Jonas, Franz 1899-1974, Austrian Socialist politician. Jonas was mayor of Vienna (1951-65) and a member of parliament (1962-65). In 1965 he was elected president, and in 1971 he was reelected, defeating Kurt...
  • Kádár, János 1912-89, Hungarian Communist leader. In 1932 he joined the then illegal Communist party and held high government and party posts from 1942, becoming home secretary in 1948, when the Communist...
  • Károlyi, Count Julius 1871-1946?, Hungarian politician; cousin of Michael Károlyi. He became premier and finance minister in 1931. He resigned in 1932 after failing to satisfy either the nationalist right or the...
  • Károlyi, Count Michael 1875-1955, Hungarian politician, of an ancient noble family. A liberal, he organized (1918) a national council for Hungary after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and was made...
  • Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Fürst von 1711-94, Austrian statesman. He distinguished himself as a negotiator of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) and was (1750-53) ambassador to Paris. From 1753 until his retirement in 1792 he...
  • Klaus, Josef 1910-2001, Austrian politician. He was drafted into the army and fought in World War II on the Axis side. Chosen leader (1963) of the business- and church-oriented People's party, Klaus tended to...
  • Klesl, Melchior 1552-1630, Austrian politician, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. The son of a Protestant baker, he was converted to Catholicism by the Jesuits and became chancellor of the Univ. of Vienna...
  • Koerber, Ernest von 1850-1919, Austro-Hungarian prime minister. A career civil servant, he became prime minister (1900-1904) and made a vigorous but vain attempt to reconcile the national factions of the monarchy by...
  • Kossuth, Louis Hung. Kossuth Lajos, 1802-94, Hungarian revolutionary hero. Born of a Protestant family and a lawyer by training, he entered politics as a member of the diet and soon won a large following. His liberal and nationalist...
  • Kreisky, Bruno 1911-90, Austrian Socialist politician. He served as a diplomat and