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Documents for "Ancient History, Africa: Biographies":
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Barca
surname, probably meaning lightning, given members of a powerful Carthaginian family: see Hamilcar Barca ; Hannibal ; Hasdrubal.
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Hamilcar
fl. 480 BC, Carthaginian general. Little is known of him, although he was a member of the powerful Barca family. He commanded an army against Gelon and the Greeks in Sicily, who severely defeated...
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Hamilcar Barca
d. 229 or 228 BC, Carthaginian general. He was assigned the command in Sicily in 247 in the First Punic War (see Punic Wars ). From mountain bases near Palermo he made repeated raids on the Romans and relieved the Punic garrison in Lilybaeum. However, the Carthaginians were defeated, and Hamilcar Barca negotiated the...
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Hannibal
b. 247 BC, d. 183 or 182 BC Carthaginian general, an implacable and formidable enemy of Rome. Although knowledge of him is based primarily on the reports of his enemies, Hannibal appears to have...
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Hanno
fl. c.480? BC, Carthaginian navigator. He founded seven towns on the Atlantic shore of Morocco and probably explored the Atlantic coast of Africa to Sierra Leone.
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Hanno
fl. 250-200 BC, Carthaginian statesman, leader of the conservative land-owning party and consistent opponent of the Barca family. His refusal to pay the mercenaries of Hamilcar Barca brought on their great revolt (240-238 BC). He favored expansion in Africa (where he extended the Carthaginian conquests to Theveste) and opposed war with Rome. Hanno's unwillingness to send help...
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Hasdrubal
d. 221 BC, Carthaginian general. He fought under his father-in-law, Hamilcar Barca , in Africa and in Spain, where he succeeded (229 or 228 BC) Hamilcar as general. He increased the empire in Spain, where he founded Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena). By treaty with Rome (226 BC),...
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Hasdrubal
d. 207 BC, Carthaginian general; son of Hamilcar Barca. During the Second Punic War (see Punic Wars ), his brother Hannibal , on leaving for Italy, made Hasdrubal commander in Spain. Hasdrubal conducted a long campaign against the Romans, led by Publius and Cnaeus Scipio , who prevented him from joining Hannibal at a critical moment in 216 BC Both Scipios fell in battle in 211 BC, but in 209 BC Scipio Africanus Major took Cartagena. Hasdrubal eluded him by crossing the Pyrenees at their western extremity and, after crossing the Alps, arrived in central Italy. On the Metaurus (Metauro) River he met (207 BC) the...
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Juba I
c.85 BC-46 BC, king of Numidia in N Africa. He joined Pompey's party and in 49 BC routed Caesar's legate, Curio. He fought on the side of Metellus Scipio and took his life after Caesar's victory at Thapsus. Despite his defeat, his son, Juba II, d. c.AD 20, was educated in Rome and reinstated as king, probably first in Numidia, then in Mauretania (c.25 BC). Augustus gave to him in marriage Cleopatra Selene, the daughter of Antony and...
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Jugurtha
c.156-104 BC, king of Numidia, a grandson of Masinissa. On the death of Micipsa (118 BC), the royal power devolved upon his two sons and upon his adopted son Jugurtha. The latter ousted the other two heirs and united Numidia under his rule. In the...
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Masinissa
or Massinissa , c.238-148 BC, king of Numidia. He succeeded (c.207 BC) his father as king of E Numidia. Brought up in Carthage, he fought in a Carthaginian campaign in Spain in the Second Punic War (see Punic Wars ) but eventually went over (c.206) to the Roman side. After defeating his old rival Syphax, king of W Numidia, he joined Scipio Africanus Major and led his cavalry in a decisive charge at the battle...
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