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Taoism
Taoism , refers both to a Chinese system of thought and to one of the four major religions of China (with Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese popular religion).
Philosophical Taoism
The philosophical system stems largely from the Tao-te-ching, a text traditionally ascribed to Lao Tzu b...
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Lao Tzu
Lao Tzu , fl. 6th cent. BC, Chinese philosopher, reputedly the founder of Taoism . It is uncertain that Lao Tzu [Ch.,=old person or old philosopher] is historical. His biography in Ssu-ma Ch'ien 's Records of the Historian (1st cent. BC) says he was a contemporary of Confucius and served as cu...
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Chinese literature
Chinese literature the literature of ancient and modern China.
Early Writing and Literature
It is not known when the current system of writing Chinese first developed. The oldest written records date from about 1400 BC in the period of the Shang dynasty, but the elaborate system of nota...
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Jingdezhen
Jingdezhen or Fowliang , city (1994 est. pop. 294,000), NE Jiangxi prov., China, on the Chang River. It is world famous for its fine porcelain, made since the Han dynasty (202 BC-AD 220) from the white clay, kaolin, found near Poyang Lake to the west. Coal is mined in the region. The city reache...
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Chiang Ching-kuo
Chiang Ching-kuo , 1909-88, eldest son of Chiang Kai-shek , Chinese Nationalist leader, and president of Taiwan. Returning after 12 years in the Soviet Union (1937), he served in minor Chinese government posts until the Nationalist retreat to Taiwan (1949). Afterward he rose to control the armed fo...
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Ho-shen
Ho-shen , 1750-99, Manchu official noted for symbolizing the widespread corruption of the Ch'ing dynasty of China during its decline. As a favorite of emperor Ch'ien-lung , he rose, within two years, from bodyguard to grand councilor and minister of the imperial household. Later, while president of...
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Ai Ch'ing
Ai Ch'ing or Ai Qing , pseud. of Chiang Hai-ch'eng or Jiang Haicheng, 1910-96, Chinese poet. After studying painting in France (1929-32), he returned to China where he wrote modernist poetry in flamboyant free verse that showed the influence of the Soviet poet Mayakovsky . He was active...
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Book of Changes
Book of Changes or I Ching , ancient Chinese book of prophecy and wisdom. The oldest parts of its text are thought to have attained their present form in the century before Confucius. Its images and concepts were taken partly from oracles and partly from the mythology, history, and poetry of ear...
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Wang Ching-wei
Wang Ching-wei , 1883-1944, Chinese revolutionary and political leader. A supporter of Sun Yat-sen , Wang was sentenced (1910) to life imprisonment for attempting to assassinate the regent of China. Freed in 1912, he studied in France until 1917, when he became personal assistant to Sun. Upon Sun's...
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Chang Chih-tung
Chang Chih-tung , 1837-1909, Chinese Ch'ing dynasty statesman and educational reformer. He occupied the high post of governor-general for over two decades, first of Guangdong and Guangxi provs. (1884-89), and later of Hunan and Hubei provs. (1889-1907). In that position he vigorously pressed the lat...
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