|
Mazovia
Mazovia or Masovia Pol. Mazowsze, historic region, central Poland. At the death (1138) of Boleslaus III, Mazovia became an independent duchy under the Piast dynasty. It became a suzerainty of Great Poland in 1351 and was finally united with it in 1526. Mazovia passed to Prussia during the 1...
Read more
|
|
Albert of Brandenburg
Albert of Brandenburg 1490-1568, grand master of the Teutonic Knights (1511-25), first duke of Prussia (1525-68); grandson of Elector Albert Achilles of Brandenburg. In 1525 he became a Protestant, and on the advice of Martin Luther he secularized the dominions of the Teutonic Knights and becam...
Read more
|
|
Barbarossa
Barbarossa [Ital.,=red-beard], surname of the Turkish corsair Khayr ad-Din (c.1483-1546). Barbarossa and his brother Aruj, having seized (1518) Algiers from the Spanish, placed Algeria under Turkish suzerainty. He extended his conquests to the rest of the Barbary States. Between 1533 and 1544, as a...
Read more
|
|
Saint Gregory II
Saint Gregory II d. 731, pope (715-31), a Roman; successor of Constantine. When Byzantine Emperor Leo III tried to impose iconoclasm in Italy by an imperial edict, Gregory answered that the emperor could not decide tenets of faith. He was supported by a popular uprising directed at the exarch of ...
Read more
|
|
Casimir III
Casimir III 1310-70, king of Poland (1333-70), son of Ladislaus I and last of the Piast dynasty. Called Casimir the Great, he brought comparative peace to Poland. By the Congress of Visegrad (1335) he promised to recognize the suzerainty over Silesia of John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia; in re...
Read more
|
|
Holstein
Holstein former duchy, N central Germany, the part of Schleswig-Holstein S of the Eider River. Kiel and Rendsburg were the chief cities. For a description of Holstein and for its history after 1814, see Schleswig-Holstein . For a time part of the duchy of Saxony, Holstein was created (1111) a coun...
Read more
|
|
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty of Shimonoseki Apr. 17, 1895, ending the First Sino-Japanese War . It was negotiated and signed by Ito Hirobumi for Japan and Li Hung-chang for China. Harsh terms were imposed on a badly defeated China. The treaty provided for the end of Chinese suzerainty over Korea, giving Korea independe...
Read more
|
|
Athos
Athos , Aktí , or Akte , easternmost of the three peninsulas of Khalkidhikí , c.130 sq mi (340 sq km), NE Greece, in Macedonia. The narrow, northern base of the peninsula was once cut by canal dug by the Persians during Xerxes' invasion of Greece (see Persian Wars ). At the sou...
Read more
|
|
Ch'ien-lung
Ch'ien-lung , 1711-99, reign title of the fourth emperor (1735-96) of the Ch'ing dynasty, whose given name was Hung-li. Under his vigorous military policy, China attained its maximum territorial expanse; Xinjiang in the west was conquered, and Myanmar and Annam in the south were forced to recogniz...
Read more
|
|
Courland
Courland or Kurland , Latvian Kurzeme, historic region and former duchy, in Latvia, between the Baltic Sea and the Western Dvina River. It is an agricultural and wooded lowland. Jelgava (Ger. Mitau ), the historic capital, and Liepaja (Ger. Libau ) and Ventspils (Ger. Windau ), the Baltic s...
Read more
|