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Karl Johann Kautsky
Karl Johann Kautsky , 1854-1938, German-Austrian socialist, b. Prague. A leading figure in the effort to spread Marxist doctrine in Germany, he was the principal deviser of the Erfurt Program, which set the German Social Democratic party on an orthodox Marxist path and established him as a dominant ...
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John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane , 1892-1964, British geneticist, biologist, and popularizer of science; son of John Scott Haldane . As one of the most influential scientists of the 20th cent, he studied relationships among different disciplines and problems, including the consequence of Mendelian gen...
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Daniel Ortega Saavedra
Daniel Ortega Saavedra , 1945-, president of Nicaragua (1979-90, 2007-). As a university student, he joined (1963) the clandestine Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN; see Sandinistas ), a Marxist guerrilla coalition that opposed the Somoza dictatorship. In 1967, he was arrested and spent ...
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Jules Guesde
Jules Guesde , 1845-1922, French socialist, whose original name was Basile. Exiled for his support of the Paris commune, he became a confirmed Marxist after 1876 and, with Paul Lafargue, led in advocating socialism in France and a policy of noncompromise with the existing government. Guesde was larg...
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Granville Hicks
Granville Hicks 1901-82, American writer, b. Exeter, N.H. A member of the Communist party, he edited The New Masses and wrote a pioneering Marxist interpretation of American literature, The Great Tradition (1933). In 1939 he resigned from the party and in the 1950s was a cooperative witness bef...
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Li Dazhao
Li Dazhao , 1888-1927, professor of history and librarian at Beijing Univ., cofounder of the Chinese Communist party with Chen Duxiu . He was the first important Chinese intellectual to support the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. A leader in the May Fourth Movement (1919), he organized several Ma...
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Mbundu
Mbundu , black African ethnic group, W Angola. The Mbundu speak Bantu languages and number about 6 million. By the late 15th cent. they had formed the Ndongo kingdom, ruled by the ngola (from which the Portuguese derived the name Angola). Beginning in the early 16th cent. Ndongo was raided for slave...
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Marxism
Marxism economic and political philosophy named for Karl Marx . It is also known as scientific (as opposed to utopian) socialism. Marxism has had a profound impact on contemporary culture; modern communism is based on it, and most modern socialist theories derive from it (see socialism ). It ha...
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liberation theology
liberation theology belief that the Christian Gospel demands "a preferential option for the poor," and that the church should be involved in the struggle for economic and political justice in the contemporary world—particularly in the Third World. Dating to the Second Vatican Council (196...
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Samora Moïsès Machel
Samora Moïsès Machel , 1933-86, president of Mozambique (1975-86). Machel joined the Mozambican Liberation Front (Frelimo) in 1962, led its guerrilla forces by 1968, and in 1969 became president of the organization. In 1975, Frelimo gained power in independent Mozambique without election...
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