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Manfred
Manfred , c.1232-1266, king of Sicily (1258-66), the last Hohenstaufen on that throne. An illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Manfred was regent in Sicily for his brother Conrad IV . Conrad died in 1254, and Manfred seized the regency for Conrad's young son, Conradin . However, ...
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Manfred Richthofen, Baron von
Manfred Richthofen, Baron von , 1892-1918, German aviator in World War I. He was credited with the spectacular achievement of shooting down 80 aircraft; he was killed in action on Apr. 21, 1918. He was known as the "Red Baron."
Bibliography: See biography by W. E. Burrows (1969).
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closet drama
closet drama a play that is meant to be read rather than performed. Precursors of the form existed in classical times. Plato's Apology is often regarded as tragic drama rather than philosophic dialogue. The dialogues of Cicero, Strabo, and Seneca were probably declaimed rather than acted, since o...
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Charles I
Charles I (Charles of Anjou), 1227-85, king of Naples and Sicily (1266-85), count of Anjou and Provence, youngest brother of King Louis IX of France. He took part in Louis's crusades to Egypt (1248) and Tunisia (1270). After obtaining Provence by marriage (1246), he extended his influence into Pied...
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Hohenstaufen
Hohenstaufen , German princely family, whose name is derived from the castle of Staufen built in 1077 by a Swabian count, Frederick. In 1079, Frederick married Agnes, daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and was created duke of Swabia. The line of German kings and Holy Roman emperors began (1138...
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Benevento
Benevento , city (1991 pop. 62,561), capital of Benevento prov., in Campania, S Italy. It is a trade center for wine and tobacco. It is basically an impoverished area with little industry. A leading town of Samnium, Benevento became under the Romans an important trade center on the Appian Way. It wa...
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Walter Benjamin
Walter Benjamin 1892-1940, German essayist and critic. He is known for his synthesis of eccentric Marxist theory and Jewish messianism. In particular, his essays on Charles Baudelaire and Franz Kafka as well as his speculation on symbolism, allegory, and the function of art in a mechanical age ...
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Eugen Bleuler
Eugen Bleuler , 1857-1939, Swiss psychiatrist. He taught (1898-1927) at the Univ. of Zürich, serving concurrently as director of Zürich's Burghölzi Asylum. Bleuler is well-known for his introduction (1908) of the term schizophrenia, formerly known as dementia praecox, and for his st...
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Innocent IV
Innocent IV d. 1254, pope (1243-54), a Genoese named Sinibaldo Fieschi, a distinguished jurist who studied and later taught law at the Univ. of Bologna; successor of Celestine IV. He was of a noble family. Although he had been regarded as sympathetic to the empire, once pope he quickly took up the ...
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Peter III
Peter III (Peter the Great), 1239?-1285, king of Aragón and count of Barcelona (1276-85) and king of Sicily (1282-85); son and successor of James I. In 1280 he established Aragonese influence on the northern shores of Africa. From his marriage (1262) to Constance, daughter and heir of Manfr...
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