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E Pluribus Unum
E Pluribus Unum [Lat.,=one made out of many], motto on the Great Seal of the United States and on many U.S. coins. Although selected in 1776 by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson for the Continental Congress, it was not officially adopted as a national motto until six years later. ...
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Illinois
Illinois State in n central USA, on the e bank of the Mississippi River; the capital is Springfield. Illinois was explored first by the French in 1673. Ceded to the British in 1763, it was occupied by American troops during the American Revolution. Illinois became a state of the Union in 1818. The ...
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Four-H
Four-H or 4-H, organization for boys and girls, generally from 8 to 18 years of age; some states offer programs for younger children, and there are also collegiate programs. 4-H teaches young people leadership, citizenship, and life skills through practical educational programs in animal and pl...
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Four-H clubs
Four-H clubs or 4-H clubs, organizations for boys and girls from 9 to 19 years of age. The group is part of an educational program designed to improve techniques of agriculture and home economics, promote high ideals of civic responsibility, provide training for community leadership, and foster...
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coin
coin piece of metal, usually a disk of gold, silver, nickel, bronze, copper, aluminum, or a combination of such metals, stamped by authority of a government as a guarantee of its real or exchange value and used as money . Coinage was probably invented independently in Lydia or in the Aegean Island...
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Spars
Spars [from the motto "Semper Paratus," Lat.,=always prepared], the women's reserve of the U.S. Coast Guard, created in Nov., 1942, to release men for sea duty. Wartime enlistment reached a peak of 10,000. The service was demobilized in 1946; but it was reactivated in 1965, and women were recru...
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French Academy
French Academy ( L'Académie française ), learned society of France. It is one of the five societies of the Institut de France .
Development
The origins of the academy were in a coterie of literary men who met informally in Paris in the early 1630s to discuss rhetoric and cr...
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Nicholas I
Nicholas I 1796-1855, czar of Russia (1825-55), third son of Paul I . His brother and predecessor, Alexander I , died childless (1825). Constantine , Paul's second son, was next in succession but had secretly renounced (1822) the throne after marrying a Polish aristocrat. This secrecy resulted i...
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John Day
John Day 1522-84, English printer. At his London shop Day designed and made type for himself, but not for sale. His types included musical notes and the first Anglo-Saxon type. He printed the first English book of church music (1560) and the first English edition of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1...
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Cambridge Platonists
Cambridge Platonists group of English philosophers, centered at Cambridge in the latter half of the 17th cent. In reaction to the mechanical philosophy of Thomas Hobbes this school revived certain Platonic and Neoplatonic ideas. Chief among these was a mystical conception of the soul's relation to ...
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