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Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich
Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich , 1893-1991, Soviet Communist leader. A Jewish shoemaker and labor organizer, he joined the Communist party in 1911. A capable administrator, he rose quickly through the party ranks after the revolution, and by 1930 he had become Moscow party secretary-general and a memb...
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Louis Lazare Hoche
Louis Lazare Hoche , 1768-97, French general in the French Revolutionary Wars. He entered the army at the age of 16 and rose rapidly to lieutenant in the national guard by 1792. In 1793, after his successful defense of Dunkirk, he became a brigadier general and was given command of the army of the M...
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Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot , 1753-1823, French revolutionary, known as the organizer of victory for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars . A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution and was chiefly responsible for the success of the French in the...
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Fructidor
Fructidor , 12th month of the French Revolutionary calendar . The coup of 18 Fructidor (Sept. 4, 1797), in which General Augereau was a key figure, annulled the previous elections and removed Lazare Carnot and François de Barthélemy from the Directory . The coup was directed against ...
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Autun
Autun , town (1990 pop. 19,422), Saône-et-Loire dept., E central France, on the Arroux River. It is an industrial center producing metals, machinery, leather, cloth, timber, and shale oil. An important market town in ancient times, Autun was a residence of the prefects of Gaul and was the seat...
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Cecilia Beaux
Cecilia Beaux , 1855-1942, American figure and portrait painter, b. Philadelphia. She studied in Philadelphia under William Sartain (see under Sartain, John ) and Thomas Eakins , in Paris in the Julian and Lazar schools. A skilled technician, she won many honors through her long career. She painte...
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Florence Kelley
Florence Kelley 1859-1932, American social worker and reformer, b. Philadelphia, grad. Cornell, 1882, and Northwestern Univ. law school, 1894. Married in 1884 to a Polish doctor, Lazare Wishnieweski, she divorced him six years later and became a Hull House resident. A confirmed socialist and active...
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Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot , 1796-1832, French physicist, a founder of modern thermodynamics; son of Lazare N. M. Carnot. His famous work on the motive power of heat ( Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, 1824) is concerned with the relation between heat and mechanical energy....
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Eugène Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco , 1912-94, French playwright, b. Romania. Settling in France in 1938, he contributed to Cahiers du Sud and began writing avant-garde plays. His works stress the absurdity both of bourgeois values and of the way of life that they dictate. They express the futility of human end...
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Directory
Directory group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III (1795) of the French Revolution . They were chosen by the new legislature, by the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients; each year one director, chosen by lot, was to be r...
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