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value
value in economics, worth of a commodity in terms of other commodities, or in terms of money (see price ). Value depends on both desirability and scarcity. The marginal theory of value, pioneered in the late 19th cent. by Leon Walras , Stanley Jevons , and Carl Menger , has been highly influent...
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Planck's constant
Planck's constant , fundamental constant of the quantum theory . It is represented by the letter h and has a value of 6.63 × 10 -34 J-sec. The combination h /2π, denoted by h (called "h-bar" ), occurs frequently.
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Ralph Barton Perry
Ralph Barton Perry 1876-1957, American realist philosopher, b. Poultney, Vt., grad. Princeton (B.A., 1896) and Harvard (Ph.D., 1899). He taught at Harvard from 1902, becoming professor of philosophy in 1913 and professor emeritus in 1946. He revised (1925) Alfred Weber's History of Philosophy. Ed...
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William Stanley Jevons
William Stanley Jevons , 1835-82, English economist and logician. After working in Australia as assayer to the mint, he taught at Owens College, Manchester, and University College, London. His major contribution to economics was his marginal utility theory of value; Jevons held that value was determ...
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Bernard Bosanquet
Bernard Bosanquet , 1848-1923, English philosopher, educated at Oxford. He lectured there (1871-81) and at St. Andrews (1903-8). His major works include A History of Aesthetic (1892), The Philosophical Theory of the State (1899), and The Value and Destiny of the Individual (1913). They exempli...
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Samuel Alexander
Samuel Alexander 1859-1938, British philosopher, b. Australia. From 1893 to 1924 he was professor of philosophy at Victoria Univ., Manchester. Strongly influenced by the theory of evolution, Alexander conceived of the world as a single cosmic process in which higher forms of being emerge periodical...
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wages
wages payment received by an employee in exchange for labor. It may be in goods or services but is customarily in money. The term in a broad sense refers to what is received in any way for labor, but wages usually refer to payments to workers who are paid by the hour, in contrast to a salary, whi...
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David Ricardo
David Ricardo 1772-1823, British economist, of Dutch-Jewish parentage. At the age of 20 he entered business as a stockbroker and was so skillful in the management of his affairs that within five years he had amassed a huge fortune. He then turned much of his attention to scientific topics, and in 1...
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Émile Durkheim
Émile Durkheim , 1858-1917, French sociologist. Along with Max Weber he is considered one of the chief founders of modern sociology. Educated in France and Germany, Durkheim taught social science at the Univ. of Bordeaux and the Sorbonne. His view that the methods of natural science can be ...
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land tax
land tax impost levied upon real property. It is sometimes called a real estate tax, especially when assessed against both improved and unimproved land. Probably the earliest direct tax and formerly the chief source of government revenue, it was known in ancient China and Egypt. Until modern times,...
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