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tribune
tribune in ancient Rome, one of various officers. The history of the office of tribune is closely associated with the struggle of the plebs against the patrician class to achieve a more equitable position in the state. From c.508 BC the military tribunes ( tribuni militum ) were the senior offi...
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John Dalrymple Stair, 2d earl of
John Dalrymple Stair, 2d earl of 1673-1747, Scottish general and diplomat; son of the 1st earl of Stair. He began a military career in the Netherlands, but on his father's death returned home and was elected (1707) one of 16 Scottish representative peers in the newly united Parliament of Great Brit...
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Sandhurst
Sandhurst village, Bracknell Forest, S central England. It is the site of the British army officer-training school, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. The original Sandhurst school, the Royal Military College, merged with the Royal Military Academy, formerly at Woolwich, in the 1940s. Winston C...
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John Mason
John Mason c.1600-1672, American colonial military commander, b. England. He was an army officer before emigrating (c.1630) to Massachusetts and then (1635) to Windsor, Conn. When the Pequot threatened to wipe out the new colonies on the Connecticut River, he and John Underhill led an expeditio...
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John Thurloe
John Thurloe 1616-68, English politician. A lawyer, he became (1652) secretary to the council of state of the Commonwealth. He was given charge of the intelligence department (1653), which included foreign and domestic espionage, and the post office (1655). Through the post office Thurloe was able ...
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Aymer of Valence
Aymer of Valence , d. 1260, bishop of Winchester; son of Isabella (widow of King John of England) and Hugh X, count of La Marche. He was thus half brother of King Henry III of England. He is sometimes called Æthelmar. Henry forced the chapter of Winchester to elect Aymer bishop in 1250, but hi...
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John Middleton Clayton
John Middleton Clayton 1796-1856, American statesman, b. Sussex co., Del. Admitted (1819) to the bar, he practiced at Dover, Del., held many state offices, and was twice (1828, 1845) elected to the U.S. Senate. In the presidential election of 1848 he gave his support to Zachary Taylor and was rewar...
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John Wellborn Root
John Wellborn Root 1850-91, American architect, b. Lumpkin, Ga. He worked in New York City with James Renwick and became a partner of D. H. Burnham in Chicago. The firm created the modern type of highly organized architectural office suited to the planning of metropolitan buildings. Its partners ...
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George Washington Cullum
George Washington Cullum , 1809-92, American army officer, b. New York City, grad. West Point, 1833. In the Civil War, Cullum was made a brigadier general of volunteers (Nov., 1861) and served as chief of staff to General Halleck (1861-64) and as superintendent of West Point (1864-66). He is chiefly...
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Test Act
Test Act 1673, English statute that excluded from public office (both military and civil) all those who refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, who refused to receive the communion according to the rites of the Church of England, or who refused to renounce belief in the Roman Catholi...
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