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Theobald Wolfe Tone
Theobald Wolfe Tone 1763-98, Irish revolutionary. He was called to the bar in 1789 but soon turned his attention to politics. Inspired by the example of the French Revolution, he helped found (1791) the United Irish Society (see United Irishmen ), which worked to unite Roman Catholics and Protesta...
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Saint Oliver Plunket
Saint Oliver Plunket 1629-81, Irish Roman Catholic churchman and martyr, b. Co. Meath. He was educated at Rome and named Roman Catholic archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland in 1669. He was on good terms with local Protestants and worked with much success. After the Test Act (1673) he kep...
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Liam Cosgrave
Liam Cosgrave , 1920-, Irish statesman; son of William Cosgrave . After studying law, he entered the Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael member in 1943 and served as minister of commerce and industry (1948-54), minister for external affairs (1954-57), and chairman of the first Irish delegat...
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Standish O'Grady
Standish O'Grady 1846-1928, Irish author and historian. A leader in the Irish literary renaissance , he followed his History of Ireland (1878-80) with English versions of the heroic legends of Ireland. The best are probably his volumes about Cuchulain (1892-1917; repr. 1920).
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William O'Brien
William O'Brien 1852-1928, Irish journalist and political leader. He became (1881) editor of a newspaper, United Ireland, which championed the Irish agrarian cause (see Irish Land Question ). Imprisoned in the same year, he wrote, at the behest of Charles Parnell , the famous No Rent Manifesto...
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Arthur James Balfour Balfour, 1st earl of
Arthur James Balfour Balfour, 1st earl of , 1848-1930, British statesman; nephew of the 3d marquess of Salisbury . He entered parliament as a Conservative in 1874 and served as secretary to his uncle at the Congress of Berlin (1878). Although associated with the "Fourth Party" of Lord Randolph ...
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Bismarck Archipelago
Bismarck Archipelago volcanic island group, 19,200 sq mi (49,730 sq km), SW Pacific, a part of Papua New Guinea. The group includes New Britain (the largest island), New Ireland , the Admiralty Islands , the Mussau Islands, New Hanover , the Vitu Islands , and the Duke of York Islands . The ...
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Robert Charles Benchley
Robert Charles Benchley 1889-1945, American humorist, b. Worcester, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1912. He was drama critic of Life (1920-29) and of The New Yorker (1929-40). Benchley was known for a series of short satirical films that he wrote, directed, and acted in himself. His books, which are ric...
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direct action
direct action theory and methods used by certain labor groups to fight employers, capitalist institutions, and the state by direct economic action, without using intermediate organizations. Political measures, such as arbitration, collective bargaining, and trade agreements, are rejected as ineffec...
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Rexford Guy Tugwell
Rexford Guy Tugwell 1891-1979, American economist and political scientist, b. Chautauqua co., N.Y., grad. Wharton School, Univ. of Pennsylvania (B.S., 1915; Ph.D., 1922). He taught economics at the Univ. of Pennsylvania (1915-17), the Univ. of Washington (1917-18), and Columbia (1920-37). Under Fra...
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