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plea bargaining
plea bargaining negotiation in which a defendant agrees to plead guilty to a criminal charge in exchange for concessions by the prosecutor (representing the state). The defendant waives the right to trial, losing any chance for acquittal, but usually avoids conviction on a more serious charge. The ...
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Taft-Hartley Labor Act
Taft-Hartley Labor Act 1947, passed by the U.S. Congress, officially known as the Labor-Management Relations Act. Sponsored by Senator Robert Alphonso Taft and Representative Fred Allan Hartley, the act qualified or amended much of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935, the federal law ...
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conspiracy
conspiracy in law, agreement of two or more persons to commit a criminal or otherwise unlawful act. At common law , the crime of conspiracy was committed with the making of the agreement, but present-day statutes require an overt step by a conspirator to further the conspiracy. It is not necessary...
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direct action
direct action theory and methods used by certain labor groups to fight employers, capitalist institutions, and the state by direct economic action, without using intermediate organizations. Political measures, such as arbitration, collective bargaining, and trade agreements, are rejected as ineffec...
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Treaty of Rapallo
Treaty of Rapallo 1922, agreement signed by Germany and the USSR at Rapallo, Italy. It was reached by Walter Rathenau and G. V. Chicherin independently of the Conference of Genoa (see Genoa, Conference of ), which was then in session. Germany accorded the USSR de jure recognition (the first such r...
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reciprocal trade agreement
reciprocal trade agreement international commercial treaty in which two or more nations grant equally advantageous trade concessions to each other. It usually refers to treaties dealing with tariffs. For example, one nation may grant another a special schedule of tariff concessions in return for ...
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Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol (11 Dec. 1997) The first international agreement in which the world's industrial nations concluded a verifiable agreement to reduce their emissions of six greenhouse gasses in order to prevent global warming. By 2012, the 174 signatory states agreed to reduce emissions by 5.2 per cent...
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North American Free Trade Agreement
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), accord establishing a free-trade zone in North America; it was signed in 1992 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States and took effect on Jan. 1, 1994. NAFTA immediately lifted tariffs on the majority of goods produced by the signatory nations. It also c...
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World Trade Organization
World Trade Organization (WTO), international organization established in 1995 as a result of the final round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations, called the Uruguay Round. The WTO is responsible for monitoring national trading policies, handling trade disputes, and en...
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Léon Blum
Léon Blum , 1872-1950, French Socialist leader and writer. Well established in literary circles, he entered politics during the Dreyfus Affair and rose to party leadership. In 1936 he brought about the coalition of Radical Socialists, Socialists, and Communists in the Popular Front, which w...
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