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Zita
Zita , 1892-1989, last empress of Austria and queen of Hungary. The daughter of Duke Robert of Parma, she was married (1911) to Archduke Charles Francis, who in 1916 became emperor as Charles I . She exercised great influence over her husband and was blamed for Charles's letters to her brother, Si...
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Breitenfeld
Breitenfeld , village, Saxony, S central E Germany. It gave its name to two battles of the Thirty Years War . Gustavus Adolphus ( Gustavus II ) of Sweden there defeated the imperial forces under Count Johannes Tilly and Marshal Gottfried Pappenheim in 1631, and the Swedes under General Lennart ...
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Leopold Berchtold, Graf von
Leopold Berchtold, Graf von , 1863-1942, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1912-15). During the Balkan Wars he successfully worked for the creation of an independent Albania to block Serbian access to the Adriatic Sea. After the assassination (June 28, 1914) of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Saraj...
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John Craig
John Craig 1512?-1600, Scottish minister of the Reformation. He joined the Dominican order, but through reading the Institutes of Calvin, he adopted Protestantism. Imprisoned at Rome for heresy, he escaped (1559) and went to Vienna, where he preached before Archduke Maximilian. Returning to Scotl...
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Ottokar Czernin, Graf
Ottokar Czernin, Graf , 1872-1932, Austro-Hungarian foreign minister. He was an adviser to Archduke Francis Ferdinand. As foreign minister (1916-18) he sought a negotiated peace, but was unwilling to abandon Austrian war aims in Italy and the Balkans. He was one of the negotiators of the Treaty of ...
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Otto von Hapsburg
Otto von Hapsburg 1912-, Austrian archduke and former pretender to the Austro-Hungarian throne, son of Emperor Charles I and Empress Zita. After World War II began, he went to the United States and made an unsuccessful attempt to form an Austrian legion to fight Germany. Returning to Europe in 1946...
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Wagram
Wagram or Deutsch-Wagram , town, Lower Austria prov., NE Austria, in the Marchfeld, near Vienna. On July 5-6, 1809, Napoleon I gained one of his most brilliant victories there. Despite their heroic conduct and the able leadership of Archduke Charles, the Austrians were forced to fall back by Fre...
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Carlotta
Carlotta Span. Carlota , 1840-1927, empress of Mexico, daughter of Leopold I of Belgium, christened Marie Charlotte Amélie. She married (1857) Maximilian , archduke of Austria and accompanied him when he went to Mexico as emperor (1864). After Napoleon III decided to withdraw the French tr...
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Charles I
Charles I 1887-1922, last emperor of Austria and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary (1916-18); son of Archduke Otto and grandnephew and successor of Emperor Francis Joseph. He married Zita of Bourbon-Parma. The death (1914) of his uncle, Francis Ferdinand , made Charles heir to the throne. He showe...
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Treaty of Arras
Treaty of Arras 1 Treaty of 1435, between King Charles VII of France and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy. Through it, France and Burgundy became reconciled. Philip deserted his English allies and recognized Charles as king of France. In return, Philip received the Somme towns and was exempte...
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