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Ali
Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib), 598?-661, 4th caliph (656-61). The debate over his right to the caliphate caused a major split in Islam into Sunni and Shiite branches, and he is regarded by the Shiites as the first Imam, or leader: Shiite derives from the phrase shi-at Ali [Ar.=the party of Ali]. ...
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Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali , 1942-, American boxer, b. Louisville, Ky. Born Cassius Marcellus Clay, he was a 1960 Olympic gold medalist. Shortly after upsetting Sonny Liston in 1964 to become world heavyweight champion, he formalized his association with the Nation of Islam (see Black Muslims ) and adopted the M...
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Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali 1769?-1849, pasha of Egypt after 1805. He was a common soldier who rose to leadership by his military skill and political acumen. In 1799 he commanded a Turkish army in an unsuccessful attempt to drive Napoleon from Egypt. As pasha he was virtually independent of his nominal overlord, ...
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Ali Khamenei
Ali Khamenei (Mohammad Ali Hoseyn Khamenei) , 1939-, Iranian religious and political leader, b. Mashhad. A Shiite Islamic cleric who was the son of an ayatollah, Khamenei began his religious studies at a young age, and was briefly at Najaf, Iraq (1957), before he settled in Qom (1958). As an activ...
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Aliákmon
Aliákmon , longest river of Greece, c.200 mi (320 km) long, rising in the mountains near Lake Préspa, N Greece, and flowing SE then NE into the Thermaic Gulf. The river waters an agricultural region; Kastoría and Véroia are along its course. The Aliákmon forms the ...
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Fath Ali Shah
Fath Ali Shah , also spelled Feth Ali Shah, 1762-1834, shah of Persia (1797-1834), nephew and successor of Aga Muhammad Khan , founder of the Qajar dynasty. Most of his reign was spent in internal and external warfare. He managed to maintain himself against other claimants to the throne but was not...
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Liaquat Ali Khan
Liaquat Ali Khan , 1895-1951, first prime minister of Pakistan. He was educated at Aligarh Muslim Univ. and at Oxford and was admitted to the English bar in 1922. A year later he joined the Muslim League. He served (1926-40) in the United Provs. legislative council, and while there he became (1936) ...
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Husayn ibn Ali
Husayn ibn Ali , 1856-1931, Arab political and religious leader. In 1908 he succeeded as grand sherif of Mecca and thus became ruler of the Hejaz under the Ottoman Empire. In World War I, after receiving British assurances that all Arab lands not under French control would be liberated, he began (...
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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , 1928-79, Pakistani political leader. Member of a wealthy landowning family, he entered politics as the protégé of General Ayub Khan . Bhutto joined the cabinet in 1958, becoming foreign minister in 1963. Critical of the Indo-Pakistan agreement ending the 1965 war...
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah , 1876-1948, founder of Pakistan , b. Karachi. After his admission to the bar in England, he returned to India to practice law. Early in his career he was a fervent supporter of the Indian National Congress and an advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Jinnah was a member of the legi...
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