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Montrose
Montrose town (1991 pop. 12,127), Angus, NE Scotland, on the North Sea at the mouth of the South Esk River. Open to water on three sides, it is a spacious resort town, with flax and jute mills, boat yards, fruit canneries, and a fishing industry. Montrose was the scene of John de Baliol's surrender...
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Arnolfo di Cambio
Arnolfo di Cambio , b. c.1245, d. before 1310, Italian architect and sculptor. He was Nicola Pisano's chief assistant on the Siena pulpit, but he soon began to work independently on important tomb sculpture. He designed admirable monuments to Cardinal Annibaldi (St. John the Lateran, Rome); Pope Adr...
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Isabella
Isabella 1296-1358, queen consort of Edward II of England, daughter of Philip IV of France. She married Edward in 1308. Neglected and mistreated by her husband, Isabella nourished hatred for the royal favorites, the Despensers (see Despenser, Hugh le ), who were responsible (1324) for the conf...
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Aymer de Valence Pembroke, earl of
Aymer de Valence Pembroke, earl of , d. 1324, English nobleman; nephew of Aymer of Valence, bishop of Winchester. He succeeded his father, William, half brother of Henry III, as earl of Pembroke in 1296. Sent by Edward I to suppress the Scottish uprising, he defeated Robert I at Methven (1306) but...
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Philip IV
Philip IV (Philip the Fair), 1268-1314, king of France (1285-1314), son and successor of Philip III. The policies of his reign greatly strengthened the French monarchy and increased the royal revenues. Philip asserted his right to tax the clergy for the defense of the realm, thus making permanent a...
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chartered companies
chartered companies associations for foreign trade, exploration, and colonization that came into existence with the formation of the European nation states and their overseas expansion. An association received its charter from the state and sometimes had state support. In the regulated company each...
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coronation
coronation ceremony of crowning and anointing a sovereign on his or her accession to the throne. Although a public ceremony inaugurating a new king or chief had long existed, a new religious service was added when Europe became Christianized. The service, derived from Old Testament accounts of the ...
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flagellants
flagellants , term applied to the groups of Christians who practiced public flagellation as a penance. The practice supposedly grew out of the floggings administered as punishment to erring monks, although flagellation as a form of religious expression is an ancient usage. Among the flagellants it w...
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Edward I
Edward I 1239-1307, king of England (1272-1307), son of and successor to Henry III .
Early Life
By his marriage (1254) to Eleanor of Castile Edward gained new claims in France and strengthened the English rights to Gascony. He received from his father the huge appanage of all outlying ...
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house of Aragón
house of Aragón family that ruled in Aragón, Catalonia, Majorca, Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Athens, and other territories in the Middle Ages. It was descended from Ramiro I of Aragón (1035-63), natural son of Sancho III of Navarre. Under Ramiro's successors— Sancho I ,...
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