|
Alexander II
Alexander II 1198-1249, king of Scotland (1214-49), son and successor of William the Lion. He joined the English barons in their revolt against King John of England in 1215. Though he made his peace with John's successor, Henry III, in 1221, there was later friction that almost led to war. In 1237,...
Read more
|
|
Eastern Bulgars
Eastern Bulgars , Turkic-speaking people, who possessed a powerful state (10th-14th cent.) at the confluence of the Volga and the Kama, E European Russia. The Bulgars appeared on the Middle Volga by the 8th cent. and became known as the Eastern, Volga, or Kama Bulgars. Another branch of the same peo...
Read more
|
|
Le Roman de la Rose
Le Roman de la Rose , French poem of 22,000 lines in eight-syllable couplets. It is in two parts. The first (4,058 lines) was written (c.1237) by Guillaume de Lorris and was left unfinished. It is an elaborate allegory on the psychology of love, often subtle and charming. The second part was writt...
Read more
|
|
Conrad IV
Conrad IV 1228-54, German king (1237-54), king of Sicily and of Jerusalem (1250-54), son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II . He was elected (1237) king of the Romans at his father's instigation after Frederick had deposed Conrad's older brother Henry in Germany. Archbishop Siegfried II of Mainz w...
Read more
|
|
Lombard League
Lombard League an alliance formed in 1167 among the communes of Lombardy to resist Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I when he attempted to assert his imperial authority in Lombardy. Previously the communes had been divided, some favoring the emperor and others favoring the pope. However, after Frederic...
Read more
|
|
Ryazan
Ryazan , city (1989 pop. 515,000), capital of Ryazan region, E central European Russia, on the Oka River. Industries include oil refining, lignite processing, and the manufacture of machine tools and agricultural and transport equipment. The city has extensive piers, and river trade is carried on in...
Read more
|
|
Holy Roman Emperors
Holy Roman Emperors
HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS ( including dates of reign )
Saxon dynasty
Otto I, 936-73
Otto II, 973-83
Otto III, 983-1002
Henry II, 1002-24
Salian or Franconian dynasty
Conrad ...
Read more
|
|
Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order , German military religious order founded (1190-91) during the siege of Acre in the Third Crusade. It was originally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem. The order was one of nobles, and the knights took the...
Read more
|
|
Russia
Russia officially the Russian Federation, Rus. Rossiya, republic (2005 est. pop. 143,420,000), 6,591,100 sq mi (17,070,949 sq km). The country is bounded by Norway and Finland in the northwest; by Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, and Ukraine in the west; by Georgia and Azerbaijan in the southwest; a...
Read more
|