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Rory O'Connor
Rory O'Connor 1116?-1198, last high king of Ireland. He became king of Connacht in 1156 and seized the high kingship in 1166. His ascendancy was brief, however, for his quarrel with Dermot McMurrough , who brought the English to Ireland, led to Rory's submission as vassal to Henry II of England by...
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Aviz
Aviz , village, Portalegre dist., central Portugal, in Alto Alentejo. The Castilian order of the Knights of Calatrava assisted in driving the Moors from Portugal and in 1166 settled at Évora . Alfonso II granted (1211) them Aviz, and this branch of the order became separate and was known as ...
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Dermot McMurrough
Dermot McMurrough or Diarmiud mac Murchada , 1110-71, Irish king of Leinster. He became involved in a complicated feud, partly because he abducted a neighbor's wife, and in 1166 was defeated and banished by the High King Rory O'Connor . Dermot appealed for help to Henry II of England, who refus...
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Alfonso VIII
Alfonso VIII (Alfonso the Noble), 1155-1214, Spanish king of Castile (1158-1214), son and successor of Sancho III. Chaos prevailed during his minority, but he quickly restored order after assuming (1166) the government. Alfonso took (1177) Cuenca from the Moors, but later (1195) he was seriously de...
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Lombard League
Lombard League an alliance formed in 1167 among the communes of Lombardy to resist Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I when he attempted to assert his imperial authority in Lombardy. Previously the communes had been divided, some favoring the emperor and others favoring the pope. However, after Frederic...
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fakir
fakir , [Arab.,=poverty], in Islam, usually an initiate in a Sufi order. The title fakir is borne with the understanding that poverty is the need to be in relation to God. This term, along with its Persian equivalent, dervish, was extended in Western usage to Indian ascetics and yogis, and incorre...
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Norman Conquest
Norman Conquest period in English history following the defeat (1066) of King Harold of England by William, duke of Normandy, who became William I of England. The conquest was formerly thought to have brought about broad changes in all phases of English life. More recently historians have stres...
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Sufism
Sufism , an umbrella term for the ascetic and mystical movements within Islam . While Sufism is said to have incorporated elements of Christian monasticism, gnosticism, and Indian mysticism, its origins are traced to forms of devotion and groups of penitents ( zuhhad ) in the formative period of Is...
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Frederick I
Frederick I or Frederick Barbarossa [Ital.,=red beard], c.1125-90, Holy Roman emperor (1155-90) and German king (1152-90), son of Frederick of Hohenstaufen , duke of Swabia, nephew and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III.
Restoration of Imperial Power
His mother, Judith, was a...
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