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toluene
toluene or methylbenzene , C 7 H 8 , colorless liquid aromatic hydrocarbon that melts at -95°C and boils at 110.8°C. It is insoluble in water but highly soluble in most organic solvents. Toluene is obtained from coal tar and petroleum by distillation. It is used as a solvent and as a sta...
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Oldenburg
Oldenburg city (1994 pop. 147,701), Lower Saxony, NW Germany, on the Hunte River and the Küstenkanal (Coast Canal). It is a rail junction, transshipment point, agricultural market, and industrial center. Manufactures include ships, glass, and textiles. Oldenburg was first mentioned in 1108 and...
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Bohemond I
Bohemond I , c.1056-1111, prince of Antioch (1099-1111), a leader in the First Crusade (see Crusades ); elder son of Robert Guiscard . With his father he fought (1081-85) against the Byzantine emperor Alexius I . When his father's duchy of Apulia passed to his younger brother Roger, Bohemond made...
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Dandolo
Dandolo , ancient Venetian family that produced four doges, many admirals, and other prominent citizens. Enrico Dandolo, c.1108-1205, became doge in 1192. He is considered the founder of the Venetian colonial empire. In the Fourth Crusade (see Crusades ) he acted to divert the Crusaders in 1202 t...
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Tancred
Tancred 1076-1112, Crusader. He became a Crusader in 1096 with his uncle Bohemond I . After distinguishing himself at Nicaea, he struck out into Cilicia and besieged Tarsus, but was deprived of the city, after its fall, by Baldwin ( Baldwin I of Jerusalem) and was forced to rejoin the main army. ...
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Alexius I
Alexius I (Alexius Comnenus) , 1048-1118, Byzantine emperor (1081-1118). Under the successors of his uncle, Isaac I , the empire had fallen prey to anarchy and foreign invasions. In 1081, Alexius, who had become popular as a general, overthrew Nicephorus III and was proclaimed emperor. The most i...
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Hama
Hama or Hamah , city (1995 est. pop. 280,000), capital of Hama governorate, W central Syria, on the Orontes River. It is the market center for an irrigated farm region where cotton, wheat, barley, millet, and corn are grown. Manufactures include cotton and woolen textiles, silk, carpets, and dai...
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Louis VI
Louis VI (Louis the Fat), 1081-1137, king of France (1108-37). He succeeded his father, Philip I, with whom he was associated in government from c.1100. He firmly established his authority within the royal domain, suppressing brigandage by robber barons and besieging their castles, and punishing wr...
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The Philippines
The Philippines , officially Republic of the Philippines, republic (2005 est. pop. 87,857,000), 115,830 sq mi (300,000 sq km), SW Pacific, in the Malay Archipelago off the SE Asia mainland. It comprises over 7,000 islands and rocks, of which only c.400 are permanently inhabited. The 11 largest islan...
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France
France , officially French Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 60,656,000), 211,207 sq mi (547,026 sq km), W Europe. France is bordered by the English Channel (N), the Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay (W), Spain and Andorra (SW), the Mediterranean Sea (S), Switzerland and Italy (SE), and Germany,...
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